Django开发环境搭建及使用!

django是基于python的一个框架，因此在此之前要先安装python环境，关于python环境的搭建，前面已写过，参考这里：http://www.the5fire.net/python-env.html。有了python环境接着就要开始安装django了。

在正式开始之前要先介绍一下django的开发环境包括哪些东西：

• 1、django的安装
• 2、mysql安装【非必须，本篇会提及】
• 3、apache安装【非必须】

另外主要是为了和大家一起使用django来作为todos的服务器端，因此还简单的介绍下如何使用django来开发。

正式开始，安装django可谓相当简单，到这：http://www.djangoproject.com/download/1.3.1/tarball/ 我自己用的django版本是1.3.1的，大家可以自行选择。

下载下来之后，通过命令行进入Django-1.3.1目录中，执行：python setup.py install即可（对于ubuntu用户可能需要加sudo）。在命令行中输入django-admin看有木有提示，如果没有你需要到你对应的C:/python2.7/Scripts中看看有没有一个django-admin.py文件，如果有， 你需要把这个目录放到系统环境变量中。

再来看mysql的安装，【对于todos这个项目不会用到mysql】
对于windows用户安装相对简单些，先现在mysql数据库安装包，然后下载对应的MySQL-python-1.2.3.win32-py2.7安装文件，先安装mysql，然后安装对应的mysql-python文件。

对于ubuntu用户需要以下操作：

1、安装mysql
sudo apt-get install mysql-server

sudo apt-get install libmysqld-dev
sudo apt-get instlal libmysqlclient-dev

sudo apt-get install libmysqld-dev
sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev
sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev

2、配置mysql和python
sudo apt-get install python-mysqldb

也可以参考我以前的一篇文章：http://www.the5fire.net/python-opt-mysql.html

至此，环境的搭建就完成了，简单的运用一下。

首先随便找一个地方创建一个应用，命令：django-admin.py startproject todos，然后你会发现已经有了一个todos文件夹，在你执行命令的文件中。这就是一个todos工程了， 切换到todos中，执行python manage.py runserver，命令行会输出django版本，以及服务器url。你在浏览器中访问就看到了。

 

 

我们对backbone的功能进行了分析，建立了web端的model。在本节中我们将对原先的todos进行扩展，使其能够将数据存到server端的数据库中。这里我们使用的是django+sqlite来进行实现。

现在我们应该对应着建立server端的model。不过在此之前，为了方便不熟悉django的童鞋，简单的写下开发过程：

1、创建工程

根据上一篇中介绍的django的环境安装和使用，创建一个工程:django-admin.py startproject todos，然后在cd到todos文件夹中：python manage.py startapp todo，创建一个应用（称作模块也行）。

2、配置文件

在todos根目录的settings中，主要是数据配置：

DATABASES = {

‘default’: {
‘ENGINE’: ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3′, # Add ‘postgresql_psycopg2′, ‘postgresql’, ‘mysql’, ‘sqlite3′ or ‘oracle’.
‘NAME’: ‘D:/mytodos’, # Or path to database file if using sqlite3.
‘USER’: ”, # Not used with sqlite3.
‘PASSWORD’: ”, # Not used with sqlite3.
‘HOST’: ”, # Set to empty string for localhost. Not used with sqlite3.
‘PORT’: ”, # Set to empty string for default. Not used with sqlite3.
}
}

完整的配置最后贴出来供大家参考。

有了上面的一个铺垫，开始创建model。

打开todo文件夹中的models.py文件，写入以下代码：

 

from django.db import models


    class Todo(models.Model):
        content = models.CharField(max_length=128)

        done = models.CharField(max_length=1,default='N') #Y表示完成N表示未完成
        order = models.IntegerField(blank=True)

from django.db import models

 
    class Todo(models.Model):
        content = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
        done = models.CharField(max_length=1,default='N') #Y表示完成N表示未完成
        order = models.IntegerField(blank=True)

 

 

然后再来创建views代码，关于django的mvc模式这里不介绍，大家跟着操作进行。在todo下新建一个views_todos.py文件。

这个views_todos文件是用来操作数据库的所有代码所在。关于数据库的操作，其实就是CRUD（create增加，request查询，update更新，delete删除），在django的基础上，很好写。

这里是全部代码：

 

#coding=utf-8

'''''
    author:huyang
    date: 2012-3-26
    blog:http://the5fire.net
'''
from models import Todo
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
from django.utils import simplejson

'''''
public
@desc 加载todo首页
@param
@return templates
'''
def index(request):
    return render_to_response('todo/todos.html',{})

'''''
public
@desc 控制创建和读取方法的一个跳转
@param
@return
'''
def control_cr(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        return create(request)
    elif request.method == 'GET':
        return getAll(request)
    else:
        return HttpResponse('
access deny

')

'''''
public
@desc 控制更新和删除方法的一个跳转
@param url中的todo对象id
@return
'''
def control_ud(request, todo_id):
    if request.method == 'PUT':
        return update(request,todo_id)
    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        return delete(request,todo_id)
    else:
        return HttpResponse('
access deny

')
'''''
protect
@desc 获取所有的todo对象，并转为json格式，返回
@param
@return json格式的todo列表
'''
def getAll(request):
    todos = Todo.objects.all()
    todo_dict = []
    flag_dict = {'Y':True,'N':False}
    for todo in todos:
        todo_dict.append({'id':todo.id,'content':todo.content,'done':flag_dict[todo.done],'order':todo.order})
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps(todo_dict), mimetype = 'application/json')

'''''
protect
@desc 创建一个todo记录
@param POST中的json格式todo对象
@return json格式{'success':True/False}
'''
def create(request):
    req = simplejson.loads(request.raw_post_data)
    content = req['content']
    order = req['order']

    if not content:
        return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':False}), mimetype = 'application/json')
    todo = Todo()
    todo.content = content
    todo.order = order
    todo.save()
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':True}), mimetype = 'application/json')

'''''
protect
@desc 更新一条todo记录
@param POST中的json格式todo对象
@return json格式{'success':True/False}
'''
def update(request, todo_id):
    req = simplejson.loads(request.raw_post_data)
    content = req['content']
    done = req['done']
    order = req['order']
    flag_dict = {True:'Y',False:'N'}
    todo = Todo.objects.get(id = todo_id)
    todo.content = content
    todo.done = flag_dict[done]
    todo.order = order
    todo.save()
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':True}), mimetype = 'application/json')

'''''
protect
@desc 删除一条todo记录
@param url中的todo对象id
@return json格式{'success':True/False}
'''
def delete(request, todo_id):
    Todo.objects.get(id = todo_id).delete()
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':True}), mimetype = 'application/json')

#coding=utf-8

'''
    author:huyang
    date: 2012-3-26
    blog:http://the5fire.net
'''
from models import Todo
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
from django.utils import simplejson
 
'''
public
@desc 加载todo首页
@param
@return templates
'''
def index(request):
    return render_to_response('todo/todos.html',{})
 
'''
public
@desc 控制创建和读取方法的一个跳转
@param
@return 
'''
def control_cr(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        return create(request)
    elif request.method == 'GET':
        return getAll(request)
    else:
        return HttpResponse('
access deny

')
 
'''
public
@desc 控制更新和删除方法的一个跳转
@param url中的todo对象id
@return 
'''
def control_ud(request, todo_id):
    if request.method == 'PUT':
        return update(request,todo_id)
    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        return delete(request,todo_id)
    else:
        return HttpResponse('
access deny

')
'''
protect
@desc 获取所有的todo对象，并转为json格式，返回
@param
@return json格式的todo列表
'''
def getAll(request):
    todos = Todo.objects.all()
    todo_dict = []
    flag_dict = {'Y':True,'N':False}
    for todo in todos:
        todo_dict.append({'id':todo.id,'content':todo.content,'done':flag_dict[todo.done],'order':todo.order})
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps(todo_dict), mimetype = 'application/json')
 
'''
protect
@desc 创建一个todo记录
@param POST中的json格式todo对象
@return json格式{'success':True/False}
'''
def create(request):
    req = simplejson.loads(request.raw_post_data)
    content = req['content']
    order = req['order']
 
    if not content:
        return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':False}), mimetype = 'application/json')
    todo = Todo()
    todo.content = content
    todo.order = order
    todo.save()
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':True}), mimetype = 'application/json')
 
'''
protect
@desc 更新一条todo记录
@param POST中的json格式todo对象
@return json格式{'success':True/False}
'''
def update(request, todo_id):
    req = simplejson.loads(request.raw_post_data)
    content = req['content']
    done = req['done']
    order = req['order']
    flag_dict = {True:'Y',False:'N'}
    todo = Todo.objects.get(id = todo_id)
    todo.content = content
    todo.done = flag_dict[done]
    todo.order = order
    todo.save()
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':True}), mimetype = 'application/json')
 
'''
protect
@desc 删除一条todo记录
@param url中的todo对象id
@return json格式{'success':True/False}
'''
def delete(request, todo_id):
    Todo.objects.get(id = todo_id).delete()
    return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps({'success':True}), mimetype = 'application/json')

 

 

上面的代码中除了有CRUD代码之后，还有两个重要的函数：control_cr和control_ud，从名字很容易看出来，前者是控制创建和查询的，后者是控制更新和删除的。为什么这么写呢，其原因在于使用backbone在web端进行CRUD操作的时候，对应的url并不一样，因此我写了两个函数。

在control_cr中，根据GET和POST 来判断是查询还是创建爱你，在control_ud中，根据PUST和DELETE来判断是更新还是删除。

上面代码中其他函数就不详解了，都是很简单的语句。

然后我们需要做的就是配置url，在todos下面的那个urls.py文件中的配置如下：

 

from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns, include, url
import settings

from todo import views_todos

urlpatterns = patterns('',

    (r'^site_media/(?P.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',{'document_root': settings.STATIC_DOC_ROOT,'show_indexes': False}),

    (r'^todo/control/$', views_todos.control_cr),
    (r'^todo/control/(\d*)$', views_todos.control_ud),  #例如：http://127.0.0.1:8000/todo/control/1/ PUT就是更新，DELETE就是删除
    (r'^', views_todos.index),
)

from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns, include, url
import settings
 
from todo import views_todos
 
urlpatterns = patterns('',
 
    (r'^site_media/(?P.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',{'document_root': settings.STATIC_DOC_ROOT,'show_indexes': False}),
 
    (r'^todo/control/$', views_todos.control_cr),
    (r'^todo/control/(\d*)$', views_todos.control_ud),  #例如：http://127.0.0.1:8000/todo/control/1/ PUT就是更新，DELETE就是删除
    (r'^', views_todos.index),
)

 

 

当然web端我们直接使用前面分析过的todos的，只需要修改一下其中的代码。

• 1、在Todo的模型中加入： urlRoot: ‘/todo/control/’
• 2、在collection TodoList中加入：url: ‘/todo/control/’，并且去掉：localStorage: new Store(“todos-backbone”),

这样就ok了。在django项目中还需要配置site_media和templates文件，结构如下：

我用的Komodo Edit这个IDE来开发的。你只要按照这样的结构来建立文件和文件夹就行了。

最后给出settings的所有代码：

 

# Django settings for testbackbone project.


DEBUG = True
TEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG

ADMINS = (
    # ('Your Name', '[e-mail]'),
)

MANAGERS = ADMINS

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', # Add 'postgresql_psycopg2', 'postgresql', 'mysql', 'sqlite3' or 'oracle'.
        'NAME': 'D:/mytodos', # Or path to database file if using sqlite3.
        'USER': '', # Not used with sqlite3.
        'PASSWORD': '', # Not used with sqlite3.
        'HOST': '', # Set to empty string for localhost. Not used with sqlite3.
        'PORT': '', # Set to empty string for default. Not used with sqlite3.
    }
}

# Local time zone for this installation. Choices can be found here:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name
# although not all choices may be available on all operating systems.
# On Unix systems, a value of None will cause Django to use the same
# timezone as the operating system.
# If running in a Windows environment this must be set to the same as your
# system time zone.
TIME_ZONE = 'America/Chicago'

# Language code for this installation. All choices can be found here:
# http://www.i18nguy.com/unicode/language-identifiers.html
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'

SITE_ID = 1

# If you set this to False, Django will make some optimizations so as not
# to load the internationalization machinery.
USE_I18N = True

# If you set this to False, Django will not format dates, numbers and
# calendars according to the current locale
USE_L10N = True

# Absolute filesystem path to the directory that will hold user-uploaded files.
# Example: "/home/media/media.lawrence.com/media/"
MEDIA_ROOT = ''

# URL that handles the media served from MEDIA_ROOT. Make sure to use a
# trailing slash.
# Examples: "http://media.lawrence.com/media/", "http://example.com/media/"
MEDIA_URL = ''

# Absolute path to the directory static files should be collected to.
# Don't put anything in this directory yourself; store your static files
# in apps' "static/" subdirectories and in STATICFILES_DIRS.
# Example: "/home/media/media.lawrence.com/static/"
STATIC_ROOT = './site_media/'

# URL prefix for static files.
# Example: "http://media.lawrence.com/static/"
STATIC_URL = '/site_media/'


# URL prefix for admin static files -- CSS, JavaScript and images.
# Make sure to use a trailing slash.
# Examples: "http://foo.com/static/admin/", "/static/admin/".
ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/static/admin/'

# Additional locations of static files
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    # Put strings here, like "/home/html/static" or "C:/www/django/static".
    # Always use forward slashes, even on Windows.
    # Don't forget to use absolute paths, not relative paths.
)

# List of finder classes that know how to find static files in
# various locations.
STATICFILES_FINDERS = (
    'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder',
# 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.DefaultStorageFinder',
)

# Make this unique, and don't share it with anybody.
SECRET_KEY = 'q4%c$1t0@x0iaco8!8eacy5-g8t)z1549$s4049xf^2y2#!0ef'

# List of callables that know how to import templates from various sources.
TEMPLATE_LOADERS = (
    'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
    'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
# 'django.template.loaders.eggs.Loader',
)

MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    #'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'todos.urls'
import os
TEMPLATE_DIRS = (
    # Put strings here, like "/home/html/django_templates" or "C:/www/django/templates".
    # Always use forward slashes, even on Windows.
    # Don't forget to use absolute paths, not relative paths.
     os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates').replace('\','/'),
)

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    #'django.contrib.auth',
    #'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    #'django.contrib.sessions',
    ##'django.contrib.sites',
    #'django.contrib.messages',
    #'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'todos.todo',
    # Uncomment the next line to enable the admin:
    # 'django.contrib.admin',
    # Uncomment the next line to enable admin documentation:
    # 'django.contrib.admindocs',
)

STATIC_DOC_ROOT = './site_media'

# A sample logging configuration. The only tangible logging
# performed by this configuration is to send an email to
# the site admins on every HTTP 500 error.
# See http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/logging for
# more details on how to customize your logging configuration.
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'handlers': {
        'mail_admins': {
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler'
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django.request': {
            'handlers': ['mail_admins'],
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'propagate': True,
        },
    }
}

 代码已经放到github上了，建议大家下载运行参考。https://github.com/the5fire/the5fire-servertodos