java基础(九) ArrayList VS LinkedList

再说具体的实现类之前，首先，说一下它们的共同的接口: List
List接口扩展了Collection并声明存储一系列元素的类集的特性。使用一个基于零的下标，元素可以通过它们在列表中的位置被插入和访问。一个列表可以包含重复元素.

除了由Collection定义的方法之外，List还定义了一些它自己的方法。注意当类集不能被修改时，其中的几种方法引发UnsupportedOperation Exception异常。当一个对象与另一个不兼容，例如当企图将一个不兼容的对象加入一个类集中时，将产生ClassCastException异常

对于由Collection定义的add( )和addAll( )方法，List增加了方法add(int, Object)和addAll(int, Collection)。这些方法在指定的下标处插入元素。由Collection定义的add(Object)和addAll(Collection)的语义也被List改变了，以便它们在列表的尾部增加元素

为了获得在指定位置存储的对象，可以用对象的下标调用get( )方法。为了给类表中的一个元素赋值，可以调用set( )方法，指定被改变的对象的下标。调用indexOf( )或lastIndexOf( )可以得到一个对象的下标

通过调用subList( )方法，可以获得列表的一个指定了开始下标和结束下标的子列表。subList( )方法使得列表处理十分方便。

ArrayList
ArrayList类扩展AbstractList并执行List接口。
ArrayList：我们可以将其看作是能够自动增长容量的数组。
ArrayList支持可随需要而增长的动态数组。在Java中，标准数组是定长的。在数组创建之后，它们不能被加长或缩短，这也就意味着你必须事先知道数组可以容纳多少元素。但是，你直到运行时才能知道需要多大的数组。为了解决这个问题，类集框架定义了ArrayList。本质上，ArrayList是对象引用的一个变长数组。也就是说，ArrayList能够动态地增加或减小其大小。数组列表以一个原始大小被创建。当超过了它的大小，类集自动增大。当对象被删除后，数组就可以缩小

ArrayList有如下的构造函数
– ArrayList( )
– ArrayList(Collection c)
– ArrayList(int capacity)
– 第一个构造函数建立一个空的数组列表。
– 第二个构造函数建立一个数组列表，该数组列表由类集c中的元素初始化。
– 第三个构造函数建立一个数组列表，该数组有指定的初始容量（capacity）。容量是用于存储元素的基本数组的大小。当元素被追加到数组列表上时，容量会自动增加



下面看一下ArrayList的源码：

首先，ArrayList里面有个数组。

  /**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
     */
    private transient Object[] elementData;

 再来看一下构造函数。

 /**
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param   initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the list
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *            is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity  c) {
           elementData = c.toArray();
           size = elementData.length;
           // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
         if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
    }

 

ArrayList 底层采用数组实现，当使用不带参数的构造方法生成 ArrayList 对象时，实际上会在底层生成一个长度为 10 的Object 类型数组.

如果增加的元素个数超过了 10 个，那么 ArrayList 底层会新生成一个数组，长度为原数组的 1.5 倍+1，然后将原数组的内容复制到新数组当中，并且后续增加的内容都会放到新数组当中。当新数组无法容纳增加的元素时，重复该过程。

    /**
     * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
     * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
     * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param   minCapacity   the desired minimum capacity
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
	modCount++;
	int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
	if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
	    Object oldData[] = elementData;
	    int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;
    	    if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
		newCapacity = minCapacity;
            // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
	}
    }

 

在上述代码中，用到了Arrays.copyof方法，其代码如下：

/**
     * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary)
     * so the copy has the specified length.  For all indices that are
     * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
     * contain identical values.  For any indices that are valid in the
     * copy but not the original, the copy will contain <tt>null</tt>.
     * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
     * is greater than that of the original array.
     * The resulting array is of exactly the same class as the original array.
     *
     * @param original the array to be copied
     * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
     * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls
     *     to obtain the specified length
     * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if <tt>newLength</tt> is negative
     * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>original</tt> is null
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static <T> T[] copyOf(T[] original, int newLength) {
        return (T[]) copyOf(original, newLength, original.getClass());
    }

    /**
     * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary)
     * so the copy has the specified length.  For all indices that are
     * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
     * contain identical values.  For any indices that are valid in the
     * copy but not the original, the copy will contain <tt>null</tt>.
     * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
     * is greater than that of the original array.
     * The resulting array is of the class <tt>newType</tt>.
     *
     * @param original the array to be copied
     * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
     * @param newType the class of the copy to be returned
     * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls
     *     to obtain the specified length
     * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if <tt>newLength</tt> is negative
     * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>original</tt> is null
     * @throws ArrayStoreException if an element copied from
     *     <tt>original</tt> is not of a runtime type that can be stored in
     *     an array of class <tt>newType</tt>
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType) {
        T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class)
            ? (T[]) new Object[newLength]
            : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength);
        System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
                         Math.min(original.length, newLength));
        return copy;
    }

 

剩下的就是get/set/add/remove等方法了，其实质都是在对底层的数组做操作。

 /**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
     *
     * @param  index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E get(int index) {
	RangeCheck(index);

	return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
     * the specified element.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to replace
     * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
     * @return the element previously at the specified position
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E set(int index, E element) {
	RangeCheck(index);

	E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
	elementData[index] = element;
	return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
	ensureCapacity(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
	elementData[size++] = e;
	return true;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
     * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
     * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
     *
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
	if (index > size || index < 0)
	    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
		"Index: "+index+", Size: "+size);

	ensureCapacity(size+1);  // Increments modCount!!
	System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
			 size - index);
	elementData[index] = element;
	size++;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
     * indices).
     *
     * @param index the index of the element to be removed
     * @return the element that was removed from the list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
	RangeCheck(index);

	modCount++;
	E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];

	int numMoved = size - index - 1;
	if (numMoved > 0)
	    System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
			     numMoved);
	elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work

	return oldValue;
    }

 

对于 ArrayList 元素的删除操作，需要将被删除元素的后续元素向前移动，代价比较高。


LinkedList
LinkedList类扩展AbstractSequentialList并执行List接口。它提供了一个链接列表数据结
构。它具有如下的两个构造函数，说明如下
– LinkedList( )
– LinkedList(Collection c)
– 第一个构造函数建立一个空的链接列表。
– 第二个构造函数建立一个链接列表，该链接列表由类集c中的元素初始化

LinkedList底层是由双向链表结构实现的。其定义如下：

   private static class Entry<E> {
	E element;
	Entry<E> next;
	Entry<E> previous;

	Entry(E element, Entry<E> next, Entry<E> previous) {
	    this.element = element;
	    this.next = next;
	    this.previous = previous;
	}
    }

 

 双向循环列表的结构如下:


 

构造函数的代码如下：

 /**
     * Constructs an empty list.
     */
    public LinkedList() {
        header.next = header.previous = header;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param  c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
	this();
	addAll(c);
    }

 

可以看出，开始的时候只有header.

下面来看add方法：

  /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
	addBefore(e, header);
        return true;
    }

 

其中用到了addBefore方法，代码如下：

   private Entry<E> addBefore(E e, Entry<E> entry) {
	Entry<E> newEntry = new Entry<E>(e, entry, entry.previous);
	newEntry.previous.next = newEntry;
	newEntry.next.previous = newEntry;
	size++;
	modCount++;
	return newEntry;
    }

 以插入第一个元素为例，那么，e为当前新添加的元素，entry为header对象。新生成了一个newEntry对象，这个对象的元素是e，这个对象的previous为header，这个对象的下个元素为header.

生成完newEntry以后的那两句话的意思是，将当前元素的previous的后一个元素指向自己，把自己的后一个元素的Previous指向自己。

总体说来就是：

1.找到要插入的未知。将位置上的旧的元素作为新元素的next元素，然后将旧元素的previous元素做为新元素的previous元素。

2.将旧元素的previos元素的next指向新元素。

3.将新元素的next元素的previous指向新元素。

 

接下来是remove方法：

 /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
     * if it is present.  If this list does not contain the element, it is
     * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
     * <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).  Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
     * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
     * changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o==null) {
            for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
                if (e.element==null) {
                    remove(e);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
                if (o.equals(e.element)) {
                    remove(e);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

 

其中的remove(e)对应的是以下方法：

 private E remove(Entry<E> e) {
	if (e == header)
	    throw new NoSuchElementException();

        E result = e.element;
	e.previous.next = e.next;
	e.next.previous = e.previous;
        e.next = e.previous = null;
        e.element = null;
	size--;
	modCount++;
        return result;
    }

 

get/set方法比较简单：

 

 /**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E get(int index) {
        return entry(index).element;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the
     * specified element.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to replace
     * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
     * @return the element previously at the specified position
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E set(int index, E element) {
        Entry<E> e = entry(index);
        E oldVal = e.element;
        e.element = element;
        return oldVal;
    }

其中entry方法如下：

  /**
     * Returns the indexed entry.
     */
    private Entry<E> entry(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
                                                ", Size: "+size);
        Entry<E> e = header;
        if (index < (size >> 1)) {
            for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++)
                e = e.next;
        } else {
            for (int i = size; i > index; i--)
                e = e.previous;
        }
        return e;
    }

  

此外，还有使用addFirst( )方法可以在列表头增加元素；使用addLast( )方法可以在列表的尾部增加元素。调用getFirst( )方法可以获得第一个元素。调用getLast( )方法可以得到最后一个元素。为了删除第一个元素，可以使用removeFirst( )方法；为了删除最后一个元素，可以调用removeLast( )方法。

 /**
     * Returns the first element in this list.
     *
     * @return the first element in this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     */
    public E getFirst() {
	if (size==0)
	    throw new NoSuchElementException();

	return header.next.element;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the last element in this list.
     *
     * @return the last element in this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     */
    public E getLast()  {
	if (size==0)
	    throw new NoSuchElementException();

	return header.previous.element;
    }

    /**
     * Removes and returns the first element from this list.
     *
     * @return the first element from this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     */
    public E removeFirst() {
	return remove(header.next);
    }

    /**
     * Removes and returns the last element from this list.
     *
     * @return the last element from this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     */
    public E removeLast() {
	return remove(header.previous);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the beginning of this list.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     */
    public void addFirst(E e) {
	addBefore(e, header.next);
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     */
    public void addLast(E e) {
	addBefore(e, header);
    }

 

 LinkedList也可以用来实现stack或者是queue

 // Queue operations.

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
     * @return the head of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E peek() {
        if (size==0)
            return null;
        return getFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
     * @return the head of this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E element() {
        return getFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list
     * @return the head of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E poll() {
        if (size==0)
            return null;
        return removeFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
     *
     * @return the head of this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E remove() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified element as the tail (last element) of this list.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean offer(E e) {
        return add(e);
    }

 

// Deque operations
    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this list.
     *
     * @param e the element to insert
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Deque#offerFirst})
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e the element to insert
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Deque#offerLast})
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean offerLast(E e) {
        addLast(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this list,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
     *
     * @return the first element of this list, or <tt>null</tt>
     *         if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E peekFirst() {
        if (size==0)
            return null;
        return getFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this list,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
     *
     * @return the last element of this list, or <tt>null</tt>
     *         if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E peekLast() {
        if (size==0)
            return null;
        return getLast();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the first element of this list,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
     *
     * @return the first element of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if
     *     this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E pollFirst() {
        if (size==0)
            return null;
        return removeFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the last element of this list,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
     *
     * @return the last element of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if
     *     this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E pollLast() {
        if (size==0)
            return null;
        return removeLast();
    }

 

 /**
     * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list.  In other
     * words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to push
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public void push(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
    }

    /**
     * Pops an element from the stack represented by this list.  In other
     * words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
     *         of the stack represented by this list)
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E pop() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

 

关于 ArrayList 与 LinkedList 的比较分析 

a)  ArrayList 底层采用数组实现，LinkedList 底层采用双向链表实现。 

b)  当执行插入或者删除操作时，采用LinkedList比较好。 

c)  当执行搜索操作时，采用ArrayList 比较好。