观察者模式示例

观察者模式中一般有两种，一种是推数据的模式（被观测对象向观测对象 送出数据，即在被观测对象发生改变时，主动告知被观测对象），一种是拉模式（观测对象主动去被观测对象去查询是否发生了变化）。虽然方式略有不同，但是基本上实现的原理是相似的。

      从java提供的观察者模式的实现入手很容易理解。java提供了一个Observable基类和一个Observer接口，分别是被观测对象基类和观察者需要实现的接口。

     简要分析这两个类：1 被观察者对象基类，此基类为于java.util包中，下面贴源码看一下

写道

/**
 * This class represents an observable object, or "data"
 * in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an 
 * object that the application wants to have observed. 
 * <p>
 * An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer 
 * may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an 
 * observable instance changes, an application calling the 
 * <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method  
 * causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call 
 * to their <code>update</code> method. 
 * <p>
 * The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified.  
 * The default implementation provided in the Observable class will
 * notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but 
 * subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver 
 * notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
 * subclass follows this order, as they choose.
 * <p>
 * Note that this notification mechanism is has nothing to do with threads 
 * and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt> 
 * mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
 * <p>
 * When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is 
 * empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the 
 * <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @version 1.39, 11/17/05
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     java.util.Observer
 * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;
    private Vector obs;
   
    /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */

    public Observable() {
	obs = new Vector();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided 
     * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set. 
     * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple 
     * observers is not specified. See the class comment.
     *
     * @param   o   an observer to be added.
     * @throws NullPointerException   if the parameter o is null.
     */
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
	if (!obs.contains(o)) {
	    obs.addElement(o);
	}
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object. 
     * Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
     * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the 
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers 
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to 
     * indicate that this object has no longer changed. 
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other 
     * words, this method is equivalent to:
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers() {
	notifyObservers(null);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the 
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers 
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate 
     * that this object has no longer changed. 
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   arg   any object.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
	/*
         * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
         * current Observers.
         */
        Object[] arrLocal;

	synchronized (this) {
	    /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
	     * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
	     * The code where we extract each Observable from 
	     * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
	     * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
	     * does not (should not).  The worst result of any 
	     * potential race-condition here is that:
	     * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
	     *   notification in progress
	     * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
	     *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
	     */
	    if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }

        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }

    /**
     * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
	obs.removeAllElements();
    }

    /**
     * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the 
     * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
     */
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
	changed = true;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has 
     * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change, 
     * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>. 
     * This method is called automatically by the 
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods. 
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
     */
    protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
	changed = false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this object has changed. 
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code> 
     *          method has been called more recently than the 
     *          <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object; 
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#setChanged()
     */
    public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
	return changed;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
     *
     * @return  the number of observers of this object.
     */
    public synchronized int countObservers() {
	return obs.size();
    }
}

 

 

可以看出事实上，基类维护了一个同步的Vector来存放观察者，相关的提供了添加和删除观察者的方法，以及维护集合顺序之类的操作，这个基类中核心的方法就是notifyObservers（args），此方法调用观察者的公共接口update（）方法。下面看一下观察者的接口 Observer ，此接口也位于java.util包下

/*
 * @(#)Observer.java	1.20 05/11/17
 *
 * Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */
package java.util;

/**
 * A class can implement the <code>Observer</code> interface when it
 * wants to be informed of changes in observable objects.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @version 1.20, 11/17/05
 * @see     java.util.Observable
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public interface Observer {
    /**
     * This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An
     * application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's
     * observers notified of the change.
     *
     * @param   o     the observable object.
     * @param   arg   an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>
     *                 method.
     */
    void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}

 

通过阅读这两个方法我们很容易理解观察者模式了。事实上就是莫中意义上的回调方法，当自己改变时通知关注此改变的监听者改变。

   下面是一些demo示例

     首先看被观察对象：

写道

public class ResourceBean extends Observable{
private String event;

//做点什么呢
public void doSomething(String event){
this.event= event;
setChanged();
System.out.println( "in resource bean event:"+event+" has done");
notifyObservers(event);
}


}

 

接下来看两个观察者

public class LockOberver implements Observer {

    private static String INTREEST ="lock";
    /* (non-Javadoc)
     * @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    @Override
    public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
        if(INTREEST.equalsIgnoreCase( (String) arg)){
            System.out.println("收到锁定的通知  "+o.toString()+ "变化值："+ arg.toString());
        }
      
        
    }

}

 

 

public class UnlockOberver implements Observer {
    private static String INTREEST ="unlock";
    /* (non-Javadoc)
     * @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    @Override
    public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
        if(INTREEST.equalsIgnoreCase( (String) arg)){
        System.out.println("输出收到解锁的通知："+o.toString()+"  参数值："+arg.toString());
    }
    }
}

 

最后看一下如何 运行的示例

public class TestObserverPattern {
 
    public static void main(String[] args){
           ResourceBean bean = new ResourceBean();//被观测对象
           LockOberver lock = new LockOberver();
           UnlockOberver unlock = new UnlockOberver();
           
           bean.addObserver(lock);
           bean.addObserver(unlock);
           
           bean.doSomething("lock");
           bean.doSomething("freeAccess");
           bean.doSomething("unlock");
           
           
 
    }
    
}

 

运行的结果：

写道

in resource bean event:lock has done

收到锁定的通知 com.yasouth.ResourceBean@4a5ab2变化值：lock

in resource bean event:freeAccess has done

in resource bean event:unlock has done

输出收到解锁的通知：com.yasouth.ResourceBean@4a5ab2 参数值：unlock

 

这样一个简单的观察者示例就结束了


后续的工作是想了解一下，观察者模式中在java同步机制的具体应用，待续