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SpringMVC源码总结（一）HandlerMapping和HandlerAdapter入门

SpringMVCHandlerMappingHandlerAdapterRequestMappingHandlerMappingRequestMappingHandlerAdapter 
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刚接触SpringMVC,对它的xml文件配置一直比较模模糊糊，最近花了一点时间稍微看了下源代码，再加上调试，开始逐渐理解它，网上的类似的内容有很多，写本文主要是自己加深一下理解。本文适合用过SpringMVC的开发者，言归正传，首先搭建一个最简单的工程体验一下。

该工程是基于maven的，pom配置不再说明，所使用的spring版本4.0.5。
首先是web.xml文件配置，最简单的配置 

<!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC
 "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN"
 "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd" >

<web-app>
  <display-name>Archetype Created Web Application</display-name>
  <servlet>
		<servlet-name>mvc</servlet-name>
		<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
		<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
	</servlet>

	<servlet-mapping>
		<servlet-name>mvc</servlet-name>
		<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
	</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

然后是mvc-servlet.xml文件的配置，上面配置DispatcherServlet会默认加载[servlet-name]-servlet.xml文件。对于我的配置，会去加载mvc-servlet.xml文件。
mvc-servlet.xml文件的内容： 
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.1.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-3.1.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-2.0.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd">

	<bean name="/index" class="com.lg.mvc.HomeAction"></bean>
	<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerConfigurer">
		<property name="templateLoaderPath" value="/WEB-INF/views" />
		<property name="defaultEncoding" value="utf-8" />
		<property name="freemarkerSettings">
			<props>
				<prop key="locale">zh_CN</prop>
			</props>
		</property>
	</bean>
	<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.freemarker.FreeMarkerViewResolver">
		<property name="suffix" value=".html" />
		<property name="contentType" value="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
		<property name="requestContextAttribute" value="request" />
		<property name="exposeRequestAttributes" value="true" />
		<property name="exposeSessionAttributes" value="true" />
	</bean>
</beans>

在该配置中定义了一个HomeAction的Bean。内容为： 
package com.lg.mvc;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller;

public class HomeAction implements Controller{

	@Override
	public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request,
			HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
		return new ModelAndView("hello");
	}
}

这是最原始的mvc做法，要继承Controller接口，先从原始的说起，最后再过渡到@Controller和@RequestMapping注解式的配置。它在mvc-serlet.xml文件中的配置有一个关键的属性name="/index"。
WEB-INF/view目录下有一个简单的hello.html，内容为： 
<html>
	<head>
	
	</head>
	<body>
		hello lg !
	</body>
</html>

至此该工程就写完了，部署到tomcat中，项目路径为/,运行一下。
访问 http://localhost:8080/index

至此整个工程就算搭建成功了。

下面就要说说原理了。
用过python Django框架的都知道Django对于访问方式的配置就是，一个url路径和一个函数配对，你访问这个url，就会直接调用这个函数，简单明了。对于java的面向对象来说，就要分两步走。第一步首先要找到是哪个对象，即handler，本工程的handler则是HomeAction对象。第二步要找到访问的函数，即HomeAction的handleRequest方法。所以就出现了两个源码接口 HandlerMapping和HandlerAdapter，前者负责第一步，后者负责第二步。借用网上的SpringMVC架构图。

HandlerMapping接口的实现（只举了我认识的几个） ：

    BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping ：通过对比url和bean的name找到对应的对象
    SimpleUrlHandlerMapping ：也是直接配置url和对应bean,比BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping功能更多
    DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping : 主要是针对注解配置@RequestMapping的，已过时
    RequestMappingHandlerMapping ：取代了上面一个

HandlerAdapter 接口实现：

    HttpRequestHandlerAdapter ： 要求handler实现HttpRequestHandler接口，该接口的方法为                                                             void handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)也就是  handler必须有一个handleRequest方法

    SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter：要求handler实现Controller接口，该接口的方法为ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)，也就是本工程采用的

    AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter ：和上面的DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping配对使用的，也已过时

    RequestMappingHandlerAdapter : 和上面的RequestMappingHandlerMapping配对使用，针对@RequestMapping

先简单的说下这个工程的流程，访问http://localhost:8080/index首先由DispatcherServlet进行转发，通过BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping(含有 /index->HomeAction的配置)，找到了HomeAction,然后再拿HomeAction和每个adapter进行适配，由于HomeAction实现了Controller接口，所以最终会有SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter来完成对HomeAction的handleRequest方法的调度。然后就顺利的执行了我们想要的方法，后面的内容不在本节中说明。

了解了大概流程，然后就需要看源代码了。
首先就是SpringMVC的入口类，DispatcherServlet，它实现了Servlet接口，不再详细说DispatcherServlet的细节，不然又是一大堆的内容。每次请求都会调用它的doService->doDispatch，我们关注的重点就在doDispatch方法中。 
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
		HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
		HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
		boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;

		WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);

		try {
			ModelAndView mv = null;
			Exception dispatchException = null;

			try {
				processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
				multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);
                      //这个是重点，第一步由HandlerMapping找到对应的handler
				// Determine handler for the current request.
				mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
				if (mappedHandler == null || mappedHandler.getHandler() == null) {
					noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
					return;
				}

				// Determine handler adapter for the current request.
                       //这是第二步，找到合适的HandlerAdapter，然后由它来调度执行handler的方法
				HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());

				// Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.
				String method = request.getMethod();
				boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);
				if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {
					long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
					if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
						logger.debug("Last-Modified value for [" + getRequestUri(request) + "] is: " + lastModified);
					}
					if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {
						return;
					}
				}

				if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
					return;
				}

				try {
					// Actually invoke the handler.
					mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());
				}
				finally {
					if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
						return;
					}
				}

				applyDefaultViewName(request, mv);
				mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
			}
			catch (Exception ex) {
				dispatchException = ex;
			}
			processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
		}
		catch (Exception ex) {
			triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);
		}
		catch (Error err) {
			triggerAfterCompletionWithError(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, err);
		}
		finally {
			if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
				// Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion
				mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);
				return;
			}
			// Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.
			if (multipartRequestParsed) {
				cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);
			}
		}
	}

第一步详细查看： 
protected HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
		for (HandlerMapping hm : this.handlerMappings) {
			if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
				logger.trace(
						"Testing handler map [" + hm + "] in DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'");
			}
			HandlerExecutionChain handler = hm.getHandler(request);
			if (handler != null) {
				return handler;
			}
		}
		return null;
	}

可以看到就是通过遍历所有已注册的HandlerMapping来找到对应的handler,然后构建出一个HandlerExecutionChain，它包含了handler和HandlerMapping本身的一些拦截器，如下 
public class HandlerExecutionChain {

	private final Object handler;

	private HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors;

	private List<HandlerInterceptor> interceptorList;
        
        //其他代码省略
}

其中HandlerMapping的getHandler实现： 
public final HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
		Object handler = getHandlerInternal(request);
		if (handler == null) {
			handler = getDefaultHandler();
		}
		if (handler == null) {
			return null;
		}
		// Bean name or resolved handler?
		if (handler instanceof String) {
			String handlerName = (String) handler;
			handler = getApplicationContext().getBean(handlerName);
		}
		return getHandlerExecutionChain(handler, request);
	}

这里的getHandlerInternal(request)是个抽象方法，由具体的HandlerMapping来实现，获取到的handler如果为空,则获取默认配置的handler，如果handler为String类型，则表示这个则会去Spring容器里面去找这样名字的bean。
再看下BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping的getHandlerInternal（request）的具体实现（通过一系列的接口设计，之后再好好看看这个设计，到BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping这只用实现该方法中的一部分），如下 
public class BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping extends AbstractDetectingUrlHandlerMapping {

	/**
	 * Checks name and aliases of the given bean for URLs, starting with "/".
	 */
	@Override
	protected String[] determineUrlsForHandler(String beanName) {
		List<String> urls = new ArrayList<String>();
		if (beanName.startsWith("/")) {
			urls.add(beanName);
		}
		String[] aliases = getApplicationContext().getAliases(beanName);
		for (String alias : aliases) {
			if (alias.startsWith("/")) {
				urls.add(alias);
			}
		}
		return StringUtils.toStringArray(urls);
	}

}

这里面注释说，bean的name必须以/开头，它才处理，将信息存储在Map<String, Object> handlerMap中，对于本工程来说就是{'/index':HomeAction对象}。
至此这里完成了第一步，下面开始第二步，即方法HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());的具体实现： 
protected HandlerAdapter getHandlerAdapter(Object handler) throws ServletException {
		for (HandlerAdapter ha : this.handlerAdapters) {
			if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
				logger.trace("Testing handler adapter [" + ha + "]");
			}
			if (ha.supports(handler)) {
				return ha;
			}
		}
		throw new ServletException("No adapter for handler [" + handler +
				"]: The DispatcherServlet configuration needs to include a HandlerAdapter that supports this handler");
	}

遍历所有的HandlerAdapter,判断他们是否支持这个handler。
我们来看下HttpRequestHandlerAdapter的supports(handler)方法： 
public class HttpRequestHandlerAdapter implements HandlerAdapter {

	@Override
	public boolean supports(Object handler) {
          //就是判断handler是否实现了HttpRequestHandler接口
		return (handler instanceof HttpRequestHandler);
	}

	@Override
	public ModelAndView handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler)
			throws Exception {
           //若handler实现了HttpRequestHandler接口，则调用该接口的方法，执行我们在该方法中写的业务逻辑
		((HttpRequestHandler) handler).handleRequest(request, response);
		return null;
	}

	@Override
	public long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest request, Object handler) {
		if (handler instanceof LastModified) {
			return ((LastModified) handler).getLastModified(request);
		}
		return -1L;
	}

}

同理SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter也是这样类似的逻辑 
public class SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter implements HandlerAdapter {

	@Override
	public boolean supports(Object handler) {
		return (handler instanceof Controller);
	}

	@Override
	public ModelAndView handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler)
			throws Exception {

		return ((Controller) handler).handleRequest(request, response);
	}

	@Override
	public long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest request, Object handler) {
		if (handler instanceof LastModified) {
			return ((LastModified) handler).getLastModified(request);
		}
		return -1L;
	}

}

剩余两个AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter和RequestMappingHandlerAdapter就比较复杂，我也没看。
按照本工程的配置，则SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter是支持HomeAction的，然后就会执行SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter的handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler())方法。本质上就会调用HomeAction实现Controller接口的方法。至此就分析完了。
了解过程了之后，然后就是最重要的也是经常配置出问题的地方。DispatcherServlet的handlerMappings和handlerAdapters的来源问题。

DispatcherServlet初始化的时候，会调用一个方法如下： 

protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) {
		initMultipartResolver(context);
		initLocaleResolver(context);
		initThemeResolver(context);
//初始化一些HandlerMapping
		initHandlerMappings(context);
//初始化一些HandlerAdapter
		initHandlerAdapters(context);
		initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context);
		initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context);
		initViewResolvers(context);
		initFlashMapManager(context);
	}

这里可以看到，它会初始化一些HandlerMapping和HandlerAdapter，这两个方法非常重要，理解了这两个方法你就会知道，配置不对问题出在哪里，下面具体看下这两个方法： 
private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) {
		this.handlerMappings = null;

		if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) {
			// Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts.
			Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans =
					BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false);
			if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
				this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<HandlerMapping>(matchingBeans.values());
				// We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order.
				OrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings);
			}
		}
		else {
			try {
				HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class);
				this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm);
			}
			catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) {
				// Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later.
			}
		}

		// Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering
		// a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found.
		if (this.handlerMappings == null) {
			this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class);
			if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
				logger.debug("No HandlerMappings found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default");
			}
		}
	}

detectAllHandlerMappings是DispatcherServlet的一个属性，你是可以在web.xml中配置的，默认是true，如果为true,则会去从本工程mvc-servlet.xml文件中去探测所有实现了HandlerMapping的bean，如果有，则加入DispatcherServlet的handlerMappings中。如果detectAllHandlerMappings为false,则直接去容器中找id="handlerMapping"且实现了HandlerMapping的bean.如果以上都没找到，则会去加载默认的HandlerMapping。 
/** Detect all HandlerMappings or just expect "handlerMapping" bean? */
	private boolean detectAllHandlerMappings = true;

本工程由于没有配置HandlerMapping,所以它会去加载默认的，下面看看默认的配置是什么 
protected <T> List<T> getDefaultStrategies(ApplicationContext context, Class<T> strategyInterface) {
		String key = strategyInterface.getName();
//defaultStrategies存储了默认的配置
		String value = defaultStrategies.getProperty(key);
		if (value != null) {
			String[] classNames = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(value);
			List<T> strategies = new ArrayList<T>(classNames.length);
			for (String className : classNames) {
				try {
					Class<?> clazz = ClassUtils.forName(className, DispatcherServlet.class.getClassLoader());
					Object strategy = createDefaultStrategy(context, clazz);
					strategies.add((T) strategy);
				}
				catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
					throw new BeanInitializationException(
							"Could not find DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className +
									"] for interface [" + key + "]", ex);
				}
				catch (LinkageError err) {
					throw new BeanInitializationException(
							"Error loading DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className +
									"] for interface [" + key + "]: problem with class file or dependent class", err);
				}
			}
			return strategies;
		}
		else {
			return new LinkedList<T>();
		}
	}

继续看看defaultStrategies是如何初始化的： 
private static final Properties defaultStrategies;

	static {
		// Load default strategy implementations from properties file.
		// This is currently strictly internal and not meant to be customized
		// by application developers.
		try {
//这里的DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH就是DispatcherServlet.properties
			ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH, DispatcherServlet.class);
			defaultStrategies = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);
		}
		catch (IOException ex) {
			throw new IllegalStateException("Could not load 'DispatcherServlet.properties': " + ex.getMessage());
		}
	}

这里使用静态代码块来加载配置文件DispatcherServlet.properties，它所在位置就是和DispatcherServlet同一目录下面的，如下图所示：


该默认的配置文件的内容如下： 
# Default implementation classes for DispatcherServlet's strategy interfaces.
# Used as fallback when no matching beans are found in the DispatcherServlet context.
# Not meant to be customized by application developers.

org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver

org.springframework.web.servlet.ThemeResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.FixedThemeResolver

#这里就是默认的HandlerMapping的配置
org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerMapping=org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping,\
	org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping
#这里就是默认的HandlerAdapter的配置
org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerAdapter=org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HttpRequestHandlerAdapter,\
	org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter,\
	org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter

org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerExceptionResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerExceptionResolver,\
	org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.ResponseStatusExceptionResolver,\
	org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver

org.springframework.web.servlet.RequestToViewNameTranslator=org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator

org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver

org.springframework.web.servlet.FlashMapManager=org.springframework.web.servlet.support.SessionFlashMapManager

也就是说，当你什么都没有配置时，默认会加载以上的配置。正是由于有了上述默认配置的BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping（它要求name必须是以/开头的），它才会存储我们在mvc-servlet.xml中配置的<bean name="/index" class="com.lg.mvc.HomeAction"></bean>,同样正是由于有了SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter（由于handler实现了Controller接口，所以它的support方法支持我们的handler），才会调度执行HomeAction的handleRequest方法。
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评论
1 楼 whlt20090509 2017-02-13  
"WEB-INF/view目录下有一个简单的hello.html，内容为："

应该是WEB-INF/views目录下
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