java中hashset,hashtable

/*
* @(#)HashSet.java 1.33 03/12/19
*
* Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/


package java.util;


/**
* This class implements the <tt>Set</tt> interface, backed by a hash table
* (actually a <tt>HashMap</tt> instance). It makes no guarantees as to the
* iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the
* order will remain constant over time. This class permits the <tt>null</tt>
* element.<p>
*
* This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations
* (<tt>add</tt>, <tt>remove</tt>, <tt>contains</tt> and <tt>size</tt>),
* assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the
* buckets. Iterating over this set requires time proportional to the sum of
* the <tt>HashSet</tt> instance's size (the number of elements) plus the
* "capacity" of the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance (the number of
* buckets). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity too
* high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is important.<p>
*
* <b>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</b> If multiple
* threads access a set concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies
* the set, it <i>must</i> be synchronized externally. This is typically
* accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates
* the set. If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the
* <tt>Collections.synchronizedSet</tt> method. This is best done at creation
* time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the <tt>HashSet</tt>
* instance:
*
* <pre>
* Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet(...));
* </pre><p>
*
* The iterators returned by this class's <tt>iterator</tt> method are
* <i>fail-fast</i>: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator is
* created, in any way except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt>
* method, the Iterator throws a <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt>.
* Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly
* and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at
* an undetermined time in the future.
*
* <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.</i><p>
*
* This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../guide/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @version 1.33, 12/19/03
* @see Collection
* @see Set
* @see TreeSet
* @see Collections#synchronizedSet(Set)
* @see HashMap
* @since 1.2
*/


public class HashSet<E>
extends AbstractSet<E>
implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;


private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;


// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();


/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<E,Object>();
}


/**
* Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
* collection. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
* (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
* the specified collection.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set.
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null.
*/
public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = new HashMap<E,Object>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}


/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map.
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<E,Object>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}


/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and default load factor, which is
* <tt>0.75</tt>.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash table.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero.
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap<E,Object>(initialCapacity);
}


/**
* Constructs a new, empty linked hash set. (This package private
* constructor is only used by LinkedHashSet.) The backing
* HashMap instance is a LinkedHashMap with the specified initial
* capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map.
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map.
* @param dummy ignored (distinguishes this
* constructor from other int, float constructor.)
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
*/
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap<E,Object>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}


/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this set. The elements
* are returned in no particular order.
*
* @return an Iterator over the elements in this set.
* @see ConcurrentModificationException
*/
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return map.keySet().iterator();
}


/**
* Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
*
* @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
*/
public int size() {
return map.size();
}


/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return map.isEmpty();
}


/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return map.containsKey(o);
}


/**
* Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already
* present.
*
* @param o element to be added to this set.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the set did not already contain the specified
* element.
*/
public boolean add(E o) {
return map.put(o, PRESENT)==null;
}


/**
* Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
*
* @param o object to be removed from this set, if present.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the set contained the specified element.
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
}


/**
* Removes all of the elements from this set.
*/
public void clear() {
map.clear();
}


/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance: the elements
* themselves are not cloned.
*
* @return a shallow copy of this set.
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
HashSet<E> newSet = (HashSet<E>) super.clone();
newSet.map = (HashMap<E, Object>) map.clone();
return newSet;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError();
}
}


/**
* Save the state of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance to a stream (that is,
* serialize this set).
*
* @serialData The capacity of the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance
* (int), and its load factor (float) are emitted, followed by
* the size of the set (the number of elements it contains)
* (int), followed by all of its elements (each an Object) in
* no particular order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
// Write out any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultWriteObject();


// Write out HashMap capacity and load factor
s.writeInt(map.capacity());
s.writeFloat(map.loadFactor());


// Write out size
s.writeInt(map.size());


// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (Iterator i=map.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
s.writeObject(i.next());
}


/**
* Reconstitute the <tt>HashSet</tt> instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultReadObject();


// Read in HashMap capacity and load factor and create backing HashMap
int capacity = s.readInt();
float loadFactor = s.readFloat();
map = (((HashSet)this) instanceof LinkedHashSet ?
new LinkedHashMap<E,Object>(capacity, loadFactor) :
new HashMap<E,Object>(capacity, loadFactor));


// Read in size
int size = s.readInt();


// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
E e = (E) s.readObject();
map.put(e, PRESENT);
}
}

}

hashTable

/*
 * @(#)Hashtable.java	1.105 03/12/19
 *
 * Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.util;
import java.io.*;

/**
 * This class implements a hashtable, which maps keys to values. Any 
 * non-<code>null</code> object can be used as a key or as a value. <p>
 *
 * To successfully store and retrieve objects from a hashtable, the 
 * objects used as keys must implement the <code>hashCode</code> 
 * method and the <code>equals</code> method. <p>
 *
 * An instance of <code>Hashtable</code> has two parameters that affect its
 * performance: <i>initial capacity</i> and <i>load factor</i>.  The
 * <i>capacity</i> is the number of <i>buckets</i> in the hash table, and the
 * <i>initial capacity</i> is simply the capacity at the time the hash table
 * is created.  Note that the hash table is <i>open</i>: in the case of a "hash
 * collision", a single bucket stores multiple entries, which must be searched
 * sequentially.  The <i>load factor</i> is a measure of how full the hash
 * table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased.
 * The initial capacity and load factor parameters are merely hints to 
 * the implementation.  The exact details as to when and whether the rehash 
 * method is invoked are implementation-dependent.<p>
 *
 * Generally, the default load factor (.75) offers a good tradeoff between
 * time and space costs.  Higher values decrease the space overhead but
 * increase the time cost to look up an entry (which is reflected in most
 * <tt>Hashtable</tt> operations, including <tt>get</tt> and <tt>put</tt>).<p>
 *
 * The initial capacity controls a tradeoff between wasted space and the
 * need for <code>rehash</code> operations, which are time-consuming.
 * No <code>rehash</code> operations will <i>ever</i> occur if the initial
 * capacity is greater than the maximum number of entries the
 * <tt>Hashtable</tt> will contain divided by its load factor.  However,
 * setting the initial capacity too high can waste space.<p>
 *
 * If many entries are to be made into a <code>Hashtable</code>, 
 * creating it with a sufficiently large capacity may allow the 
 * entries to be inserted more efficiently than letting it perform 
 * automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table. <p>
 *
 * This example creates a hashtable of numbers. It uses the names of 
 * the numbers as keys:
 * <p><blockquote><pre>
 *     Hashtable numbers = new Hashtable();
 *     numbers.put("one", new Integer(1));
 *     numbers.put("two", new Integer(2));
 *     numbers.put("three", new Integer(3));
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * To retrieve a number, use the following code: 
 * <p><blockquote><pre>
 *     Integer n = (Integer)numbers.get("two");
 *     if (n != null) {
 *         System.out.println("two = " + n);
 *     }
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * As of the Java 2 platform v1.2, this class has been retrofitted to
 * implement Map, so that it becomes a part of Java's collection framework.
 * Unlike the new collection implementations, Hashtable is synchronized.<p>
 *
 * The Iterators returned by the iterator and listIterator methods
 * of the Collections returned by all of Hashtable's "collection view methods"
 * are <em>fail-fast</em>: if the Hashtable is structurally modified
 * at any time after the Iterator is created, in any way except through the
 * Iterator's own remove or add methods, the Iterator will throw a
 * ConcurrentModificationException.  Thus, in the face of concurrent
 * modification, the Iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
 * arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
 * The Enumerations returned by Hashtable's keys and values methods are
 * <em>not</em> fail-fast.
 *
 * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
 * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
 * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
 * throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis. 
 * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
 * exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
 * should be used only to detect bugs.</i><p>
 *
 * This class is a member of the 
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/../guide/collections/index.html">
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
 *
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @author  Neal Gafter
 * @version 1.105, 12/19/03
 * @see     Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     Object#hashCode()
 * @see     Hashtable#rehash()
 * @see     Collection
 * @see	    Map
 * @see	    HashMap
 * @see	    TreeMap
 * @since JDK1.0
 */
public class Hashtable<K,V>
    extends Dictionary<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

    /**
     * The hash table data.
     */
    private transient Entry[] table;

    /**
     * The total number of entries in the hash table.
     */
    private transient int count;

    /**
     * The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.  (The
     * value of this field is (int)(capacity * loadFactor).)
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int threshold;

    /**
     * The load factor for the hashtable.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private float loadFactor;

    /**
     * The number of times this Hashtable has been structurally modified
     * Structural modifications are those that change the number of entries in
     * the Hashtable or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
     * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
     * the Hashtable fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
     */
    private transient int modCount = 0;

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1421746759512286392L;

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial 
     * capacity and the specified load factor.
     *
     * @param      initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hashtable.
     * @param      loadFactor        the load factor of the hashtable.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException  if the initial capacity is less
     *             than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
     */
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
	if (initialCapacity < 0)
	    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);

        if (initialCapacity==0)
            initialCapacity = 1;
	this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
	table = new Entry[initialCapacity];
	threshold = (int)(initialCapacity * loadFactor);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial capacity
     * and default load factor, which is <tt>0.75</tt>.
     *
     * @param     initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hashtable.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
     *              than zero.
     */
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity) {
	this(initialCapacity, 0.75f);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with a default initial capacity (11)
     * and load factor, which is <tt>0.75</tt>. 
     */
    public Hashtable() {
	this(11, 0.75f);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new hashtable with the same mappings as the given 
     * Map.  The hashtable is created with an initial capacity sufficient to
     * hold the mappings in the given Map and a default load factor, which is
     * <tt>0.75</tt>.
     *
     * @param t the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map.
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null.
     * @since   1.2
     */
    public Hashtable(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
	this(Math.max(2*t.size(), 11), 0.75f);
	putAll(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of keys in this hashtable.
     *
     * @return  the number of keys in this hashtable.
     */
    public synchronized int size() {
	return count;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this hashtable maps no keys to values.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if this hashtable maps no keys to values;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     */
    public synchronized boolean isEmpty() {
	return count == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
     * @see     Enumeration
     * @see     #elements()
     * @see	#keySet()
     * @see	Map
     */
    public synchronized Enumeration<K> keys() {
	return this.<K>getEnumeration(KEYS);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
     * Use the Enumeration methods on the returned object to fetch the elements
     * sequentially.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
     * @see     java.util.Enumeration
     * @see     #keys()
     * @see	#values()
     * @see	Map
     */
    public synchronized Enumeration<V> elements() {
	return this.<V>getEnumeration(VALUES);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this hashtable.
     * This operation is more expensive than the <code>containsKey</code>
     * method.<p>
     *
     * Note that this method is identical in functionality to containsValue,
     * (which is part of the Map interface in the collections framework).
     * 
     * @param      value   a value to search for.
     * @return     <code>true</code> if and only if some key maps to the
     *             <code>value</code> argument in this hashtable as 
     *             determined by the <tt>equals</tt> method;
     *             <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if the value is <code>null</code>.
     * @see        #containsKey(Object)
     * @see        #containsValue(Object)
     * @see	   Map
     */
    public synchronized boolean contains(Object value) {
	if (value == null) {
	    throw new NullPointerException();
	}

	Entry tab[] = table;
	for (int i = tab.length ; i-- > 0 ;) {
	    for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
		if (e.value.equals(value)) {
		    return true;
		}
	    }
	}
	return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this Hashtable maps one or more keys to this value.<p>
     *
     * Note that this method is identical in functionality to contains
     * (which predates the Map interface).
     *
     * @param value value whose presence in this Hashtable is to be tested.
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
     *         specified value.
     * @throws NullPointerException  if the value is <code>null</code>.
     * @see	   Map
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
	return contains(value);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified object is a key in this hashtable.
     * 
     * @param   key   possible key.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the specified object 
     *          is a key in this hashtable, as determined by the 
     *          <tt>equals</tt> method; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>.
     * @see     #contains(Object)
     */
    public synchronized boolean containsKey(Object key) {
	Entry tab[] = table;
	int hash = key.hashCode();
	int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
	for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
	    if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
		return true;
	    }
	}
	return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped in this hashtable.
     *
     * @param   key   a key in the hashtable.
     * @return  the value to which the key is mapped in this hashtable;
     *          <code>null</code> if the key is not mapped to any value in
     *          this hashtable.
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>.
     * @see     #put(Object, Object)
     */
    public synchronized V get(Object key) {
	Entry tab[] = table;
	int hash = key.hashCode();
	int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
	for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
	    if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
		return e.value;
	    }
	}
	return null;
    }

    /**
     * Increases the capacity of and internally reorganizes this 
     * hashtable, in order to accommodate and access its entries more 
     * efficiently.  This method is called automatically when the 
     * number of keys in the hashtable exceeds this hashtable's capacity 
     * and load factor. 
     */
    protected void rehash() {
	int oldCapacity = table.length;
	Entry[] oldMap = table;

	int newCapacity = oldCapacity * 2 + 1;
	Entry[] newMap = new Entry[newCapacity];

	modCount++;
	threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
	table = newMap;

	for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) {
	    for (Entry<K,V> old = oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) {
		Entry<K,V> e = old;
		old = old.next;

		int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity;
		e.next = newMap[index];
		newMap[index] = e;
	    }
	}
    }

    /**
     * Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified 
     * <code>value</code> in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the 
     * value can be <code>null</code>. <p>
     *
     * The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method 
     * with a key that is equal to the original key. 
     *
     * @param      key     the hashtable key.
     * @param      value   the value.
     * @return     the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
     *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one.
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if the key or value is
     *               <code>null</code>.
     * @see     Object#equals(Object)
     * @see     #get(Object)
     */
    public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
	// Make sure the value is not null
	if (value == null) {
	    throw new NullPointerException();
	}

	// Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
	Entry tab[] = table;
	int hash = key.hashCode();
	int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
	for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
	    if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
		V old = e.value;
		e.value = value;
		return old;
	    }
	}

	modCount++;
	if (count >= threshold) {
	    // Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
	    rehash();

            tab = table;
            index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
	} 

	// Creates the new entry.
	Entry<K,V> e = tab[index];
	tab[index] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
	count++;
	return null;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this 
     * hashtable. This method does nothing if the key is not in the hashtable.
     *
     * @param   key   the key that needs to be removed.
     * @return  the value to which the key had been mapped in this hashtable,
     *          or <code>null</code> if the key did not have a mapping.
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>.
     */
    public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
	Entry tab[] = table;
	int hash = key.hashCode();
	int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
	for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index], prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
	    if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
		modCount++;
		if (prev != null) {
		    prev.next = e.next;
		} else {
		    tab[index] = e.next;
		}
		count--;
		V oldValue = e.value;
		e.value = null;
		return oldValue;
	    }
	}
	return null;
    }

    /**
     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified Map to this Hashtable
     * These mappings will replace any mappings that this Hashtable had for any
     * of the keys currently in the specified Map. 
     *
     * @param t Mappings to be stored in this map.
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null.
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
	Iterator<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>> i = t.entrySet().iterator();
	while (i.hasNext()) {
	    Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e = i.next();
	    put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
	}
    }

    /**
     * Clears this hashtable so that it contains no keys. 
     */
    public synchronized void clear() {
	Entry tab[] = table;
	modCount++;
	for (int index = tab.length; --index >= 0; )
	    tab[index] = null;
	count = 0;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow copy of this hashtable. All the structure of the 
     * hashtable itself is copied, but the keys and values are not cloned. 
     * This is a relatively expensive operation.
     *
     * @return  a clone of the hashtable.
     */
    public synchronized Object clone() {
	try { 
	    Hashtable<K,V> t = (Hashtable<K,V>) super.clone();
	    t.table = new Entry[table.length];
	    for (int i = table.length ; i-- > 0 ; ) {
		t.table[i] = (table[i] != null) 
		    ? (Entry<K,V>) table[i].clone() : null;
	    }
	    t.keySet = null;
	    t.entrySet = null;
            t.values = null;
	    t.modCount = 0;
	    return t;
	} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { 
	    // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
	    throw new InternalError();
	}
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this <tt>Hashtable</tt> object 
     * in the form of a set of entries, enclosed in braces and separated 
     * by the ASCII characters "<tt>,</tt>" (comma and space). Each 
     * entry is rendered as the key, an equals sign <tt>=</tt>, and the 
     * associated element, where the <tt>toString</tt> method is used to 
     * convert the key and element to strings. <p>Overrides to 
     * <tt>toString</tt> method of <tt>Object</tt>.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this hashtable.
     */
    public synchronized String toString() {
	int max = size() - 1;
	StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
	Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> it = entrySet().iterator();

	buf.append("{");
	for (int i = 0; i <= max; i++) {
	    Map.Entry<K,V> e = it.next();
            K key = e.getKey();
            V value = e.getValue();
            buf.append((key   == this ? "(this Map)" : (""+key)) + "=" + 
                       (value == this ? "(this Map)" : (""+value)));

	    if (i < max)
		buf.append(", ");
	}
	buf.append("}");
	return buf.toString();
    }


    private <T> Enumeration<T> getEnumeration(int type) {
	if (count == 0) {
	    return (Enumeration<T>)emptyEnumerator;
	} else {
	    return new Enumerator<T>(type, false);
	}
    }

    private <T> Iterator<T> getIterator(int type) {
	if (count == 0) {
	    return (Iterator<T>) emptyIterator;
	} else {
	    return new Enumerator<T>(type, true);
	}
    }

    // Views

    /**
     * Each of these fields are initialized to contain an instance of the
     * appropriate view the first time this view is requested.  The views are
     * stateless, so there's no reason to create more than one of each.
     */
    private transient volatile Set<K> keySet = null;
    private transient volatile Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet = null;
    private transient volatile Collection<V> values = null;

    /**
     * Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this Hashtable.  The Set
     * is backed by the Hashtable, so changes to the Hashtable are reflected
     * in the Set, and vice-versa.  The Set supports element removal
     * (which removes the corresponding entry from the Hashtable), but not
     * element addition.
     *
     * @return a set view of the keys contained in this map.
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Set<K> keySet() {
	if (keySet == null)
	    keySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new KeySet(), this);
	return keySet;
    }

    private class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
	    return getIterator(KEYS);
        }
        public int size() {
            return count;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsKey(o);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return Hashtable.this.remove(o) != null;
        }
        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Set view of the entries contained in this Hashtable.
     * Each element in this collection is a Map.Entry.  The Set is
     * backed by the Hashtable, so changes to the Hashtable are reflected in
     * the Set, and vice-versa.  The Set supports element removal
     * (which removes the corresponding entry from the Hashtable),
     * but not element addition.
     *
     * @return a set view of the mappings contained in this map.
     * @see   Map.Entry
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
	if (entrySet==null)
	    entrySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new EntrySet(), this);
	return entrySet;
    }

    private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet/*<Map.Entry<K,V>>*/ {
        public Iterator/*<Map.Entry<K,V>>*/ iterator() {
	    return getIterator(ENTRIES);
        }

	public boolean add(Object/*Map.Entry<K,V>*/ o) {
	    return super.add(o);
	}

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)o;
            Object key = entry.getKey();
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

            for (Entry e = tab[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
                if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry))
                    return true;
            return false;
        }

        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
	    K key = entry.getKey();
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int hash = key.hashCode();
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

            for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index], prev = null; e != null;
                 prev = e, e = e.next) {
                if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry)) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null)
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    else
                        tab[index] = e.next;

                    count--;
                    e.value = null;
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int size() {
            return count;
        }

        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this Hashtable.
     * The Collection is backed by the Hashtable, so changes to the Hashtable
     * are reflected in the Collection, and vice-versa.  The Collection
     * supports element removal (which removes the corresponding entry from
     * the Hashtable), but not element addition.
     *
     * @return a collection view of the values contained in this map.
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Collection<V> values() {
	if (values==null)
	    values = Collections.synchronizedCollection(new ValueCollection(),
                                                        this);
        return values;
    }

    private class ValueCollection extends AbstractCollection<V> {
        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
	    return getIterator(VALUES);
        }
        public int size() {
            return count;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsValue(o);
        }
        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    // Comparison and hashing

    /**
     * Compares the specified Object with this Map for equality,
     * as per the definition in the Map interface.
     *
     * @param  o object to be compared for equality with this Hashtable
     * @return true if the specified Object is equal to this Map.
     * @see Map#equals(Object)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized boolean equals(Object o) {
	if (o == this)
	    return true;

	if (!(o instanceof Map))
	    return false;
	Map<K,V> t = (Map<K,V>) o;
	if (t.size() != size())
	    return false;

        try {
            Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i = entrySet().iterator();
            while (i.hasNext()) {
                Map.Entry<K,V> e = i.next();
                K key = e.getKey();
                V value = e.getValue();
                if (value == null) {
                    if (!(t.get(key)==null && t.containsKey(key)))
                        return false;
                } else {
                    if (!value.equals(t.get(key)))
                        return false;
                }
            }
        } catch(ClassCastException unused)   {
            return false;
        } catch(NullPointerException unused) {
            return false;
        }

	return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the hash code value for this Map as per the definition in the
     * Map interface.
     *
     * @see Map#hashCode()
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized int hashCode() {
        /*
         * This code detects the recursion caused by computing the hash code
         * of a self-referential hash table and prevents the stack overflow
         * that would otherwise result.  This allows certain 1.1-era
         * applets with self-referential hash tables to work.  This code
         * abuses the loadFactor field to do double-duty as a hashCode
         * in progress flag, so as not to worsen the space performance.
         * A negative load factor indicates that hash code computation is
         * in progress.
         */
        int h = 0;
        if (count == 0 || loadFactor < 0)
            return h;  // Returns zero

        loadFactor = -loadFactor;  // Mark hashCode computation in progress
        Entry[] tab = table;
        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; i++)
            for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                h += e.key.hashCode() ^ e.value.hashCode();
        loadFactor = -loadFactor;  // Mark hashCode computation complete

	return h;
    }

    /**
     * Save the state of the Hashtable to a stream (i.e., serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the Hashtable (the length of the
     *		   bucket array) is emitted (int), followed  by the
     *		   <i>size</i> of the Hashtable (the number of key-value
     *		   mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
     *		   for each key-value mapping represented by the Hashtable
     *		   The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
     */
    private synchronized void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws IOException
    {
	// Write out the length, threshold, loadfactor
	s.defaultWriteObject();

	// Write out length, count of elements and then the key/value objects
	s.writeInt(table.length);
	s.writeInt(count);
	for (int index = table.length-1; index >= 0; index--) {
	    Entry entry = table[index];

	    while (entry != null) {
		s.writeObject(entry.key);
		s.writeObject(entry.value);
		entry = entry.next;
	    }
	}
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitute the Hashtable from a stream (i.e., deserialize it).
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
	// Read in the length, threshold, and loadfactor
	s.defaultReadObject();

	// Read the original length of the array and number of elements
	int origlength = s.readInt();
	int elements = s.readInt();

	// Compute new size with a bit of room 5% to grow but
	// no larger than the original size.  Make the length
	// odd if it's large enough, this helps distribute the entries.
	// Guard against the length ending up zero, that's not valid.
	int length = (int)(elements * loadFactor) + (elements / 20) + 3;
	if (length > elements && (length & 1) == 0)
	    length--;
	if (origlength > 0 && length > origlength)
	    length = origlength;

	table = new Entry[length];
	count = 0;

	// Read the number of elements and then all the key/value objects
	for (; elements > 0; elements--) {
	    K key = (K)s.readObject();
	    V value = (V)s.readObject();
            // synch could be eliminated for performance
            reconstitutionPut(key, value); 
	}
    }

    /**
     * The put method used by readObject. This is provided because put
     * is overridable and should not be called in readObject since the
     * subclass will not yet be initialized.
     *
     * <p>This differs from the regular put method in several ways. No
     * checking for rehashing is necessary since the number of elements
     * initially in the table is known. The modCount is not incremented
     * because we are creating a new instance. Also, no return value
     * is needed.
     */
    private void reconstitutionPut(K key, V value)
        throws StreamCorruptedException
    {
        if (value == null) {
            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
        }
        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        // This should not happen in deserialized version.
        Entry[] tab = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
            }
        }
        // Creates the new entry.
        Entry<K,V> e = tab[index];
        tab[index] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
        count++;
    }

    /**
     * Hashtable collision list.
     */
    private static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
	int hash;
	K key;
	V value;
	Entry<K,V> next;

	protected Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Entry<K,V> next) {
	    this.hash = hash;
	    this.key = key;
	    this.value = value;
	    this.next = next;
	}

	protected Object clone() {
	    return new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value,
				  (next==null ? null : (Entry<K,V>) next.clone()));
	}

	// Map.Entry Ops 

	public K getKey() {
	    return key;
	}

	public V getValue() {
	    return value;
	}

	public V setValue(V value) {
	    if (value == null)
		throw new NullPointerException();

	    V oldValue = this.value;
	    this.value = value;
	    return oldValue;
	}

	public boolean equals(Object o) {
	    if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
		return false;
	    Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;

	    return (key==null ? e.getKey()==null : key.equals(e.getKey())) &&
	       (value==null ? e.getValue()==null : value.equals(e.getValue()));
	}

	public int hashCode() {
	    return hash ^ (value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
	}

	public String toString() {
	    return key.toString()+"="+value.toString();
	}
    }

    // Types of Enumerations/Iterations
    private static final int KEYS = 0;
    private static final int VALUES = 1;
    private static final int ENTRIES = 2;

    /**
     * A hashtable enumerator class.  This class implements both the
     * Enumeration and Iterator interfaces, but individual instances
     * can be created with the Iterator methods disabled.  This is necessary
     * to avoid unintentionally increasing the capabilities granted a user
     * by passing an Enumeration.
     */
    private class Enumerator<T> implements Enumeration<T>, Iterator<T> {
	Entry[] table = Hashtable.this.table;
	int index = table.length;
	Entry<K,V> entry = null;
	Entry<K,V> lastReturned = null;
	int type;

	/**
	 * Indicates whether this Enumerator is serving as an Iterator
	 * or an Enumeration.  (true -> Iterator).
	 */
	boolean iterator;

	/**
	 * The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
	 * List should have.  If this expectation is violated, the iterator
	 * has detected concurrent modification.
	 */
	protected int expectedModCount = modCount;

	Enumerator(int type, boolean iterator) {
	    this.type = type;
	    this.iterator = iterator;
	}

	public boolean hasMoreElements() {
	    Entry<K,V> e = entry;
	    int i = index;
	    Entry[] t = table;
	    /* Use locals for faster loop iteration */
	    while (e == null && i > 0) { 
		e = t[--i];
	    }
	    entry = e;
	    index = i;
	    return e != null;
	}

	public T nextElement() {
	    Entry<K,V> et = entry;
	    int i = index;
	    Entry[] t = table;
	    /* Use locals for faster loop iteration */
	    while (et == null && i > 0) { 
		et = t[--i];
	    }
	    entry = et;
	    index = i;
	    if (et != null) {
		Entry<K,V> e = lastReturned = entry;
		entry = e.next;
		return type == KEYS ? (T)e.key : (type == VALUES ? (T)e.value : (T)e);
	    }
	    throw new NoSuchElementException("Hashtable Enumerator");
	}

	// Iterator methods
	public boolean hasNext() {
	    return hasMoreElements();
	}

	public T next() {
	    if (modCount != expectedModCount)
		throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
	    return nextElement();
	}

	public void remove() {
	    if (!iterator)
		throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
	    if (lastReturned == null)
		throw new IllegalStateException("Hashtable Enumerator");
	    if (modCount != expectedModCount)
		throw new ConcurrentModificationException();

	    synchronized(Hashtable.this) {
		Entry[] tab = Hashtable.this.table;
		int index = (lastReturned.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

		for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index], prev = null; e != null;
		     prev = e, e = e.next) {
		    if (e == lastReturned) {
			modCount++;
			expectedModCount++;
			if (prev == null)
			    tab[index] = e.next;
			else
			    prev.next = e.next;
			count--;
			lastReturned = null;
			return;
		    }
		}
		throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
	    }
	}
    }

   
    private static Enumeration emptyEnumerator = new EmptyEnumerator();
    private static Iterator emptyIterator = new EmptyIterator();

    /**
     * A hashtable enumerator class for empty hash tables, specializes
     * the general Enumerator
     */
    private static class EmptyEnumerator implements Enumeration<Object> {

	EmptyEnumerator() {
	}

	public boolean hasMoreElements() {
	    return false;
	}

	public Object nextElement() {
	    throw new NoSuchElementException("Hashtable Enumerator");
	}
    }


    /**
     * A hashtable iterator class for empty hash tables
     */
    private static class EmptyIterator implements Iterator<Object> {

	EmptyIterator() {
	}

	public boolean hasNext() {
	    return false;
	}

	public Object next() {
	    throw new NoSuchElementException("Hashtable Iterator");
	}

	public void remove() {
	    throw new IllegalStateException("Hashtable Iterator");
	}

    }

}

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