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PLSQL游标和goto语句

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*****************************************
  PLSQL游标和goto语句
*****************************************
备注:下面提到的游标为静态cursor,包括显示和隐式
游标,从declare、open、fetch、close是一个完整的生命旅程。当然了一个这样的游标是可以被多次open进行使用的,显式cursor是静态cursor,她的作用域是全局的,但也必须明白,静态cursor也只有pl/sql代码才可以使用它。

静态游标变量是在定义时就必须指定SQL语句。

cursor 游标(结果集)用于提取多行数据,定义后不会有数据,使用后才有。一旦游标被打开,就无法再次打开(可以先关闭,再打开)。


 第一种游标的定义方式

   declare
          cursor c_student is  select * from book;
    begin
          open c_student;
          close c_student;
    end;

第二种游标的定义方式,用变量控制结果集的数量。
    declare
          v_id binary_integer;
          cursor c_student is select * from book where id>v_id;
    begin
          v_id:=10;
          open c_student;
          close c_student;
    end;

第三种游标的定义方式,带参数的游标,用的最多。
    declare
          cursor c_student(v_id binary_integer) is select * from book where id>v_id;
    begin
          open c_student(10);
          close c_student;
    end;

 

游标的使用,一定别忘了关游标。
    declare
          v_student emp%rowtype;
          cursor c_student(v_id binary_integer) is select * from emp where rownum<v_id;
    begin
          open c_student(10);
          fetch c_student into v_student;
          close c_student;
          dbms_output.put_line(v_student.name);
    end;


如何遍历游标fetch
  游标的属性 %found,%notfound,%isopen,%rowcount。
  %found:若前面的fetch语句返回一行数据,则%found返回true,如果对未打开的游标使用则报ORA-1001异常。
  %notfound,与%found行为相反。
  %isopen,判断游标是否打开。
  %rowcount:当前游标的指针位移量,到目前位置游标所检索的数据行的个数,若未打开就引用,返回ORA-1001。

注:
no_data_found和%notfound的用法是有区别的,小结如下
1)SELECT . . . INTO 语句触发 no_data_found;
2)当一个显式光标(静态和动态)的 where 子句未找到时触发 %notfound;
3)当UPDATE或DELETE 语句的where 子句未找到时触发 sql%notfound;
4)在光标的提取(Fetch)循环中要用 %notfound 或%found 来确定循环的退出条件,不要用no_data_found。

 

下面是几个实例:
create table BOOK
(
  ID       VARCHAR2(10) not null,
  BOOKNAME VARCHAR2(10) not null,
  PRICE    VARCHAR2(10) not null,
  CID      VARCHAR2(10) not null
);

 

--insert
create or replace procedure say_hello(
i_name in varchar2,
o_result_msg out varchar2
)
     as
     v_price varchar2(100);
     e_myException exception;

     begin
        insert into book(id,bookname,price) values (1,2,3);
        o_result_msg := 'success';
     exception
        when others then
             rollback;
             o_result_msg := substr(sqlerrm, 1, 200);
     end;

 

--update or delete
create or replace procedure say_hello(
i_name in varchar2,
o_result_msg out varchar2
)
     as
     v_price varchar2(100);
     e_myException exception;

     begin
        update book set price = '55' where bookname = i_name;
        delete from book where bookname = i_name;
        if sql%notfound then
           raise e_myException;
        end if;
        /*
 if sql%rowcount = 0 then--写法2
           raise e_myException;
        end if;
 */
        o_result_msg := 'success';
     exception
        when e_myException then
             rollback;
             o_result_msg := 'update or delete dail';
     end;

 

--select
create or replace procedure say_hello(
i_name in varchar2,
o_result_msg out varchar2
)
     as
     v_price varchar2(100);
     e_myException exception;

     begin
        select price into v_price from book where bookname = i_name;
        o_result_msg := 'success';
     exception
        when no_data_found then
             rollback;
             o_result_msg := 'select into dail';
     end;

loop方式遍历游标
    declare
          v_bookname  varchar2(100);
          cursor c_book(i_id number) is select bookname from book where id = i_id;
    begin
        Open  c_book(i_id);
        Loop
            Fetch c_book into v_bookname;
            exit when c_student%notfound;
              update book set price = '33' where bookname = v_bookname;
        End Loop;
        Close c_book;
    end;
   
    declare
          v_bookname  varchar2(100);
          cursor c_book(i_id number) is select bookname from book where id = i_id;
    begin
        Open  c_book(i_id);
          Fetch c_book into v_bookname;
          While c_book%Found
          Loop
              update book set price = '33' where bookname = v_bookname;
          Fetch  c_book into v_bookname;
          End Loop;
        Close c_book;
    end;
       

while循环遍历游标,注意,第一次游标刚打开就fetch,%found为null,进不去循环
解决方法:while nvl(c_student%found,true) loop
    declare
         v_bookname  varchar2(100);
         cursor c_book(i_id number) is select bookname from book where id = i_id;
    begin
         Open  c_book(i_id);
         while nvl(c_book%found,true) --或这种写法:while c_book%found is null or c_book%found loop   
             Fetch c_book into v_bookname;
             update book set price = '33' where bookname = v_bookname;
         End Loop;
         Close c_book;
    end;

 

for循环遍历,最简单,用的最多,不需要 声明v_student,Open和Close游标和fetch操作(不用打开游标和关闭游标,实现遍历游标最高效方式)
    declare
         cursor c_book(i_id number) is select bookname from book where id = i_id;
    begin
         for cur in c_book(i_id) --直接将入参i_id传入cursor即可
         loop
             update book set price = '53' where bookname = cur.bookname;
         end loop;
    end;

goto例子,一般不推荐使用goto,会使程序结构变乱
    declare
         i number:=0;
    begin
         if i=0 then
             goto hello;
         end if;
         <<hello>>
         begin
             dbms_output.put_line('hello');
             goto over;
         end;
         <<world>>
         begin
             dbms_output.put_line('world');
             goto over;
         end;
         <<over>>
             dbms_output.put_line('over');
     end;

附:

declare
          cursor c_student(v_id binary_integer) is select * from emp where rownum < v_id;
    begin
          for cur in c_student(10)
          loop  
          dbms_output.put_line(cur.ename);
            end loop;

    end;

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