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Android开机启动流程,IT爱好者必看

 
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Android开机启动流程,IT爱好者必看
2011年11月29日
  l  Init进程
  Android系统在启动时首先会启动Linux系统,引导加载Linux Kernel并启动init进程。Init进程是一个由内核启动的用户级进程,是Android系统的第一个进程。该进程的相关代码在platform\system\core\init\init.c。在main函数中,有如下代码:
  open_devnull_stdio();
  log_init();
  INFO("reading config file\n");
  init_parse_config_file("/init.rc");
  /* pull the kernel commandline and ramdisk properties file in */
  import_kernel_cmdline(0);
  get_hardware_name(hardware, &revision);
  snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "/init.%s.rc", hardware);
  init_parse_config_file(tmp);
  这里会加载解析init.rc和init.hardware.rc两个初始化脚本。*.rc文件定义了在init进程中需要启动哪些进程服务和执行哪些动作。其详细说明参见platform\system\core\init\reademe.txt。init.rc见如下定义:
  service servicemanager /system/bin/servicemanager
  user system
  critical
  onrestart restart zygote
  onrestart restart media
  service vold /system/bin/vold
  socket vold stream 0660 root mount
  ioprio be 2
  service netd /system/bin/netd
  socket netd stream 0660 root system
  socket dnsproxyd stream 0660 root inet
  service debuggerd /system/bin/debuggerd
  service ril-daemon /system/bin/rild
  socket rild stream 660 root radio
  socket rild-debug stream 660 radio system
  user root
  group radio cache inet misc audio sdcard_rw
  service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
  socket zygote stream 666
  onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
  onrestart write /sys/power/state on
  onrestart restart media
  onrestart restart netd
  service drm /system/bin/drmserver
  user drm
  group system root inet
  具体解析过程见platform\system\core\init\Init_parser.c。解析所得服务添加到service_list中,动作添加到action_list中。
  接下来在main函数中执行动作和启动进程服务:
  execute_one_command();
  restart_processes()
  通常init过程需要创建一些系统文件夹并启动USB守护进程、Android Debug Bridge守护进程、Debug守护进程、ServiceManager进程、Zygote进程等。
  l  ServiceManager进程
  ServiceManager进程是所有服务的管理器。由init.rc对ServiceManager的描述service servicemanager /system/bin/servicemanager可知servicemanager进程从platform\frameworks\base\cmd\servicemanager\Service_manager.cpp启动。在main函数中有如下代码:
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  struct binder_state *bs;
  void *svcmgr = BINDER_SERVICE_MANAGER;
  bs = binder_open(128*1024);
  if (binder_become_context_manager(bs)) {
  LOGE("cannot become context manager (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
  return -1;
  }
  svcmgr_handle = svcmgr;
  binder_loop(bs, svcmgr_handler);
  return 0;
  }
  首先调用binder_open()打开Binder设备(/dev/binder),调用binder_become_context_manager()把当前进程设置为ServiceManager。ServiceManager本身就是一个服务。
  int binder_become_context_manager(struct binder_state *bs)
  {
  return ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR, 0);
  }
  最后binder_loop()进入循环状态,并设置svcmgr_handler回调函数等待添加、查询、获取服务等请求。
  l  Zygote进程
  Zygote进程用于产生其他进程。由init.rc对zygote的描述service zygot /system/bin/app_process可知zygote进程从platfrom\frameworks\base\cmds\app_process\App_main.cpp启动。在main函数中有如下代码:
  if (0 == strcmp("--zygote", arg)) {
  bool startSystemServer = (i  names = loadedClass.processNames();
  if (!Policy.isPreloadable(loadedClass)) {
  continue;
  }
  if (names.size() >= MIN_PROCESSES ||
  (loadedClass.medianTimeMicros() > MIN_LOAD_TIME_MICROS && names.size() > 1)) {
  toPreload.add(loadedClass);
  }
  }
  int initialSize = toPreload.size();
  System.out.println(initialSize
  + " classses were loaded by more than one app.");
  // Preload eligable classes from applications (not long-running
  // services).
  for (Proc proc : root.processes.values()) {
  if (proc.fromZygote() && !Policy.isService(proc.name)) {
  for (Operation operation : proc.operations) {
  LoadedClass loadedClass = operation.loadedClass;
  if (shouldPreload(loadedClass)) {
  toPreload.add(loadedClass);
  }
  }
  }
  }
  其中MIN_LOAD_TIME_MICROS等于1250,当类的装载时间大于1.25ms,则需要预装载。
  Policy.isPreloadable()定于如下:
  /**Reports if the given class should be preloaded. */
  public static boolean isPreloadable(LoadedClass clazz) {
  return clazz.systemClass && !EXCLUDED_CLASSES.contains(clazz.name);
  }
  其中EXCLUDED_CLASSES如下定义:
  /**
  * Classes which we shouldn't load from the Zygote.
  */
  private static final Set EXCLUDED_CLASSES
  = new HashSet(Arrays.asList(
  // Binders
  "android.app.AlarmManager",
  "android.app.SearchManager",
  "android.os.FileObserver",
  "com.android.server.PackageManagerService$AppDirObserver",
  // Threads
  "android.os.AsyncTask",
  "android.pim.ContactsAsyncHelper",
  "java.lang.ProcessManager"
  ));
  这几个Binders和Thread是不会被预加载的。
  另外还有一些application需要装载,要求满足条件proc.fromZygote()且不是属于常驻内存的服务。SERVICES定义如下:
  /**
  * Long running services. These are restricted in their contribution to the
  * preloader because their launch time is less critical.
  */
  // TODO: Generate this automatically from package manager.
  private static final Set SERVICES = new HashSet(Arrays.asList(
  "system_server",
  "com.google.process.content",
  "android.process.media",
  "com.android.bluetooth",
  "com.android.calendar",
  "com.android.inputmethod.latin",
  "com.android.phone",
  "com.google.android.apps.maps.FriendService", // pre froyo
  "com.google.android.apps.maps:FriendService", // froyo
  "com.google.android.apps.maps.LocationFriendService",
  "com.google.android.deskclock",
  "com.google.process.gapps",
  "android.tts"
  ));
  preloaded-classes是在下载源码的时候生成,WritePreloadedClassFile类并没有被用到,但可以通过这个类了解Android系统对预加载类的默认要求,参考修改preloaded-classes文件,减少开机初始化时要预加载的类,提高开机速度。
  最后来通过startSystemServer()启动SystemServer进程。见如下代码:
  /* Hardcoded command line to start the system server */
  String args[] = {
  "--setuid=1000",
  "--setgid=1000",
  "--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,3001,3002,3003",
  "--capabilities=130104352,130104352",
  "--runtime-init",
  "--nice-name=system_server",
  "com.android.server.SystemServer",
  };
  ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;
  int pid;
  try {
  parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);
  /*
  * Enable debugging of the system process if *either* the command line flags
  * indicate it should be debuggable or the ro.debuggable system property
  * is set to "1"
  */
  int debugFlags = parsedArgs.debugFlags;
  if ("1".equals(SystemProperties.get("ro.debuggable")))
  debugFlags |= Zygote.DEBUG_ENABLE_DEBUGGER;
  /* Request to fork the system server process */
  pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
  parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
  parsedArgs.gids, debugFlags, null,
  parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
  parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities)
  Zygote包装了Linux的fork。forkSystemServer()调用forkAndSpecialize(),最终穿过虚拟机调用platform\dalvik\vm\native\dalvik_system_Zygote.c中Dalvik_dalvik_system_Zygote_forkAndSpecialize()。由dalvik完成fork新的进程。
  main()最后会调用runSelectLoopMode(),进入while循环,由peers创建新的进程。
  l  SystemService进程
  SystemService用于创建init.rc定义的服务之外的所有服务。在main()的最后有如下代码:
  // The system server has to run all of the time, so it needs to be
  // as efficient as possible with its memory usage.
  VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetHeapUtilization(0.8f);
  System.loadLibrary("android_servers");
  init1(args);
  Init1()是在native空间实现的,用于启动native空间的服务,其实现在com_android_server_SystemServer.cpp中的android_server_SystemServer_init1():
  static void android_server_SystemServer_init1(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz)
  {
  system_init();
  }
  而system_init()服务初始化创建native层的各个服务:
  // Start the sensor service
  SensorService::instantiate();
  // On the simulator, audioflinger et al don't get started the
  // same way as on the device, and we need to start them here
  if (!proc->supportsProcesses()) {
  // Start the AudioFlinger
  AudioFlinger::instantiate();
  // Start the media playback service
  MediaPlayerService::instantiate();
  // Start the camera service
  CameraService::instantiate();
  // Start the audio policy service
  AudioPolicyService::instantiate();
  }
  最后通过如下代码:
  LOGI("System server: starting Android services.\n");
  runtime->callStatic("com/android/server/SystemServer", "init2");
  回到SystemServer.java,调用init2():
  public static final void init2() {
  Slog.i(TAG, "Entered the Android system server!");
  Thread thr = new ServerThread();
  thr.setName("android.server.ServerThread");
  thr.start();
  }
  Init2启动一个线程,专门用来启动java空间的所有服务。如下代码所示启动部分服务:
  Slog.i(TAG, "Content Manager");
  ContentService.main(context,
  factoryTest == SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL);
  Slog.i(TAG, "System Content Providers");
  ActivityManagerService.installSystemProviders();
  Slog.i(TAG, "Battery Service");
  battery = new BatteryService(context);
  ServiceManager.addService("battery", battery);
  Slog.i(TAG, "Lights Service");
  lights = new LightsService(context);
  Slog.i(TAG, "Vibrator Service");
  ServiceManager.addService("vibrator", new VibratorService(context));
  // only initialize the power service after we have started the
  // lights service, content providers and the battery service.
  power.init(context, lights, ActivityManagerService.getDefault(), battery);
  Slog.i(TAG, "Alarm Manager");
  AlarmManagerService alarm = new AlarmManagerService(context);
  ServiceManager.addService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE, alarm);
  并且把这些服务添加到ServiceManager中,以便管理和进程间通讯。
  在该线程后半部分,ActivityManagerService会等待AppWidget、WallPaper、IMM等systemReady后调用自身的systemReady()。
  ((ActivityManagerService)ServiceManager.getService("activity"))
  .setWindowManager(wm);
  // Skip Bluetooth if we have an emulator kernel
  // TODO: Use a more reliable check to see if this product should
  // support Bluetooth - see bug 988521
  if (SystemProperties.get("ro.kernel.qemu").equals("1")) {
  Slog.i(TAG, "Registering null Bluetooth Service (emulator)");
  ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE, null);
  } else if (factoryTest == SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) {
  Slog.i(TAG, "Registering null Bluetooth Service (factory test)");
  ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE, null);
  } else {
  Slog.i(TAG, "Bluetooth Service");
  bluetooth = new BluetoothService(context);
  ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE, bluetooth);
  bluetooth.initAfterRegistration();
  bluetoothA2dp = new BluetoothA2dpService(context, bluetooth);
  ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothA2dpService.BLUETOOTH_A2DP_SERVICE,
  bluetoothA2dp);
  int bluetoothOn = Settings.Secure.getInt(mContentResolver,
  Settings.Secure.BLUETOOTH_ON, 0);
  if (bluetoothOn > 0) {
  bluetooth.enable();
  }
  }
  而在ActivityManagerService的systemReady()最后会执行如下代码:
  mMainStack.resumeTopActivityLocked(null);
  由于Activity管理栈为空,因此启动Launcher。
  // Find the first activity that is not finishing.
  ActivityRecord next = topRunningActivityLocked(null);
  // Remember how we'll process this pause/resume situation, and ensure
  // that the state is reset however we wind up proceeding.
  final boolean userLeaving = mUserLeaving;
  mUserLeaving = false;
  if (next == null) {
  // There are no more activities!  Let's just start up the
  // Launcher...
  if (mMainStack) {
  return mService.startHomeActivityLocked();
  }
  }
  在startHomeActivityLocked()中创建一个带Category为CATEGORY_HOME的Intent,由此去启动相应Activity,即Launcher。
  Intent intent = new Intent(
  mTopAction,
  mTopData != null ? Uri.parse(mTopData) : null);
  intent.setComponent(mTopComponent);
  if (mFactoryTest != SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) {
  intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME);
  }
  这样,Android系统便启动起来进入到待机界面。
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