java基础部分-《第二部分》

二、第二小部分

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1、请说出作用域public，private，protected，以及不写时的区别

这四个作用域的可见范围如下表所示。

说明：如果在修饰的元素上面没有写任何访问修饰符，则表示friendly。

作用域<wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr>当前类<wbr><wbr><span style="font-family: 宋体;">同一</span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">package<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">子孙类</span><wbr><wbr><span style="font-family: 宋体;">其他</span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">package</span></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

public<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√

protected<wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>×

friendly<wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>×<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>×

private<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>√<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>×<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>×<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>×

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2、Overload和Override的区别。

Overload是重载的意思，Override是覆盖的意思，也就是重写。

重载Overload表示同一个类中可以有多个名称相同的方法，但这些方法的参数列表各不相同（即参数个数或类型不同）。

重写Override表示子类中的方法可以与父类中的某个方法的名称和参数完全相同，通过子类创建的实例对象调用这个方法时，将调用子类中的定义方法，这相当于把父类中定义的那个完全相同的方法给覆盖了，这也是面向对象编程的多态性的一种表现。子类覆盖父类的方法时，只能比父类抛出更少的异常。子类方法的访问权限只能比父类的更大，不能更小。

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3.ClassLoader如何加载class<wbr></wbr>。

jvm里有多个类加载，每个类加载可以负责加载特定位置的类，例如，

bootstrap类加载负责加载jre/lib/rt.jar中的类，<wbr><span style="font-family: 宋体;">我们平时用的</span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">jdk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">中的类都位于</span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">rt.jar</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">中。</span></wbr>

extclassloader负责加载jar/lib/ext

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>public static void main(String[] args) {</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>// TODO Auto-generated method stub</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>System.out.println(new Test().test());;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

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<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>static int test()</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>int x = 1;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>try</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return x;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>finally</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>++x;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

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}

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---------执行结果<wbr>---------</wbr>

1

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运行结果是1，为什么呢？主函数调用子函数并得到结果的过程，好比主函数准备一个空罐子，当子函数要返回结果时，先把结果放在罐子里，然后再将程序逻辑返回到主函数。所谓返回，就是子函数说，我不运行了，你主函数继续运行吧，这没什么结果可言，结果是在说这话之前放进罐子里的。

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32、下面的程序代码输出的结果是多少？

public class<wbr><wbr>smallT</wbr></wbr>

{

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>public static void<wbr><wbr>main(String args[])</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>smallT t<wbr><wbr>= new<wbr><wbr>smallT();</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>int<wbr><wbr>b<wbr><wbr>=<wbr><wbr>t.get();</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>System.out.println(b);</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>public int<wbr><wbr>get()</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>try</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return 1 ;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>finally</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return 2 ;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

}

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返回的结果是2。

我可以通过下面一个例子程序来帮助我解释这个答案，从下面例子的运行结果中可以发现，try中的return语句调用的函数先于finally中调用的函数执行，也就是说return语句先执行，finally语句后执行，所以，返回的结果是2。Return并不是让函数马上返回，而是return语句执行后，将把返回结果放置进函数栈中，此时函数并不是马上返回，它要执行finally语句后才真正开始返回。

在讲解答案时可以用下面的程序来帮助分析：

public<wbr><wbr>class Test {</wbr></wbr>

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<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>public static void main(String[] args) {</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>// TODO Auto-generated method stub</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>System.out.println(new Test().test());;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

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<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>int test()</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>try</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return func1();</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>finally</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return func2();</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>int func1()</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>System.out.println("func1");</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return 1;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>int func2()</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>{</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>System.out.println("func2");</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return 2;</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}<wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>

}

-----------执行结果-----------------

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func1

func2

2

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结论：finally中的代码比return<wbr></wbr>和break语句后执行

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33、final, finally, finalize的区别。

final<wbr></wbr>用于声明属性，方法和类，分别表示属性不可变，方法不可覆盖，类不可继承。

finally是异常处理语句结构的一部分，表示总是执行。

finalize是Object类的一个方法，在垃圾收集器执行的时候会调用被回收对象的此方法，可以覆盖此方法提供垃圾收集时的其他资源回收，例如关闭文件等。JVM不保证此方法总被调用