i2c-tools-4.0and3.11and3.03.rar,三个版本的源码包一起打包了。可以解压选择安装其中一个版本。看过源码，其实不难
说明：本书稿为张孝祥、袁龙友两位老师在2000 年依据张孝祥的vc 讲课记录整理，由于时间关系，仅仅是写成了草稿，欢迎大家使用！ 第1 章 掌握C 1.1 类的定义与应用 1.1.1 结构的定义 1.1.2 类的定义 1.1.2.1 类与结构 1.1.2.2 类的使用 （例子代码EX01-00） 1.2 函数的重载 1.2.1 重载参数个数不同的函数 （例子代码EX01-01） 1.2.2 重载参数数据类型不同的函数 （例子代码EX01-02） 1.3 构造函数与析构函数 1.3.1 构造函数 1.3.2 析构函数 （图1，没有）（图2，没有） 1.4 this 指针的引用 1.5 类的继承与protected 访问修饰符 1.5.1 单一继承 （例子代码EX01-03） （图x，没有） 1.5.2 多重继承 1.6 虚函数与多态性 1.7 类的书写规范 1.8 小结 第2 章 Windows 程序内部运行原理 2.1 Windows 应用程序，操作系统，计算机硬件之间的相互关系 2.1.1 关于API （图1，没有） 2.1.2 关于消息及消息队列 （图1、图2 没有） 2.2 什么是句柄 2.3 谈谈WinMain 函数 （例子代码EX02-00） 2.3.1 WinMain 函数的定义及功能 2.3.2 窗口及其生成 2.3.2.1 如何设计一个窗口类——步骤1 2.3.2.2 注册设计好的窗口类——步骤2 2.3.2.3 创建窗口——步骤3 2.3.2.4 显示创建的窗口——步骤4 2.3.3 消息循环 2.3.4 完成回调函数 2.4 程序编写操作步骤与实验 2.5 小结 第3 章 VC 集成开发环境介绍 3.1 Visual C 开发环境 3.1.1 工作区窗格 3.1.2 输出窗格 3.1.3 编辑区 3.1.4 菜单栏、工具栏、状态栏 3.2 系统菜单功能介绍 3.2.1 File 菜单 3.2.2 Edit 菜单 3.2.3 View 菜单 3.2.4 Insert 菜单 3.2.5 Project 菜单 3.2.6 Build 菜单 3.2.6 Tools 菜单 3.2.7 Window 菜单 3.2.8 Help 菜单 3.3 Visual C 重要工具介绍 3.3.1 C/C 编译器 3.3.2 资源编辑器 3.3.3 资源编译器 3.3.4 链接器和调试器 3.3.5 AppWizard 和ClassWizard 3.3.6 资源浏览器 3.3.7 Microsoft 活动模板库、仓库 3.4 小结 第4 章 MFC 应用程序框架剖析 4.1 什么是MFC 以及MFC 的特点 （例子代码EX04-00） 4.2 MFC 应用程序框架 （例子代码EX04-01） 4.3 应用程序框架说明 4.4 文档-视图体系结构 4.4.1 文档-视图相互作用的函数 4.4.2 单文档-视图应用程序结构 4.4.2 多文档-视图应用程序结构 4.5 MFC 消息映射机制 4.5.1 消息的种类 4.5.2 应用程序的Run 函数 4.5.3 消息映射表 4.5.4 如何添加消息映射 4.6 ClssWizard 的使用 4.6.1 ClssWizard 概貌 4.6.2 如何添加消息处理函数 4.6.3 如何添加成员变量 4.6.4 如何添加一个新类 第5 章 图形与文本 5.1 理解图形设备接口 5.2 设备描述表 5.2.1 什么是设备描述表 5.2.2 MFC 中的设备描述表类 5.2.3 获取设备描述表 5.3 Windows 的GDI 对象 5.4 GDI 对象的创建 5.4.1 自定义画刷（CBrush） 5.4.2 自定义画笔（CPen） 5.4.3 自定义字体（CFont） 5.5 GDI 对象的使用及示例 5.5.1 画笔的使用 5.5.1.1 在MFC 程序中画线 5.5.1.2 在Windows Application 程序中画线 5.5.1.3 实现橡皮筋功能 5.5.2 画刷的使用 5.5.2.1 带颜色的画刷的使用 5.5.2.2 带位图的画刷的使用 5.5.3 字体的使用 5.5.3.1 一个简单的文字处理程序 5.5.3.2 模拟卡拉OK 程序 5.5.3.3 剪切区和路径层 第六章 菜单、工具栏和状态栏 6.1 菜单 6.1.1 菜单介绍 6.1.2 创建一个菜单 6.1.2.1 添加一个菜单资源 6.1.2.2 利用菜单编辑器编辑菜单资源 6.1.2.3 将菜单加入到应用程序中 6.1.2.4 给菜单项添加COMMAND 消息处理 6.1.2.5 给菜单项添加UPDATE_COMMAND_UI 消息处理 6.1.2.6 一个简单的绘图程序 6.1.3 在应用程序中控制菜单 6.1.3.1 在应用程序中取得菜单 6.1.3.2 在应用程序中修改菜单的状态 6.1.3.3 在应用程序中添加、删除、插入菜单或菜单项 6.1.3.4 一个简易的电话本程序 6.1.4 创建快捷方式菜单 6.2 工具栏 6.2.1 工具栏介绍 6.2.1.1 熟悉CToolBar 类 6.2.1.2 AppWizard 是如何创建工具栏 6.2.1.3 利用工具栏编辑器设计工具栏按钮 6.2.2 新建一个工具栏 6.2.3 显示/隐藏工具栏 6.3 状态栏 6.3.1 状态栏介绍 6.3.1.1 熟悉CStatusBar 类 6.3.1.2 AppWizard 是如何创建状态栏 6.3.2 修改状态栏 6.3.2.1 指示器数组 6.3.2.2 修改状态栏窗格 6.3.3 在状态栏上显示鼠标坐标、时钟和进度条 6.3.3.1 在状态栏上显示鼠标坐标 6.3.3.2 在状态栏上显示时钟 6.3.3.3 在状态栏上显示进度条 第七章 对话框和控件 7.1 对话框及控件的介绍 7.1.1 常用控件介绍 7.1.2 对话框介绍 7.1.2.1 对话框的组成 7.1.2.2 对话框的种类 7.1.2.3 使用对话框编辑器设计对话框 7.1.3 创建一个对话框 7.1.3.2 创建非模态对话框 7.1.3.3 对话框的数据交换机制 7.1.3.4 创建模态对话框 7.1.4 模态对话框和非模态对话框的区别 7.1.5 按钮逃跑小程序 7.2 属性页和向导对话框 7.2.1 创建属性页对话框 7.2.1 创建向导对话框 7.3 公用对话框 7.3.1 增加设置对话框来完善绘图程序 7.3.2 颜色对话框的使用 7.3.3 字体对话框的使用 7.3.4 控制控件颜色做漂亮界面 第8 章 文档序列化 8.1 序列化 8.1.1 CArchive 类和Serialize 函数 8.1.2 使自己的类支持序列化 8.1.3 实例：保存和显示图形 8.2 CFile 类 8.2.1 CFile 类的构造函数 8.2.2 打开文件 8.2.3 读写数据 8.2.4 关闭文件 8.3 文件I/O 处理 8.3.1 利用MFC 类来实现 8.3.2 利用C 函数来实现 8.3.3 利用C 函数来实现 8.3.4 利用API 函数来实现 8.3.5 创建保存、打开对话框 8.4 注册表操作 8.4.1 什么是注册表 8.4.2 注册表结构 8.4.3 修改注册表 第9 章 修改框架程序的显示效果 9.1 修改Windows 应用程序外观样式 9.1.1 在框架类中修改程序外观 9.1.2 在视图类中修改程序外观 9.2 制作动画图标 9.3 将图片作为窗口显示的背景 第10 章 网络编程 10.1 计算机网络的基本概念 10.1.1 计算机网络的分类 10.1.2 网络拓扑结构 10.2 网络体系结构和网络协议 10.2.1 ISO/OSI 参考模型 10.2.2 TCP/IP 参考模型 10.2.3 TCP/IP 协议 10.2.3.1 协议概述 10.2.3.2 TCP/IP 协议层次结构及各种协议介绍 10.2.3.3 IP 地址 10.2.3.4 端口号 10.2.4 专业术语解释 10.3 Socket 套接字 10.3.1 Socket 介绍 10.3.2 关于协议族和地址族 10.3.3 使用Socket 10.3.3.1 创建Socket 10.3.3.2 指定本地地址及端口号 10.3.3.3 建立连接 10.3.3.4 监听连接 10.3.3.5 发送数据 10.3.3.6 接收数据 10.3.3.7 关闭套接字 10.3.4 套接字一般调用过程 10.4 WinSock 编程机制 10.4.1 认识Windows Socket 10.4.2 Windows Sockets 库函数介绍 10.4.2.1 Berkeley socket 函数 10.4.2.2 数据库函数 10.4.2.3 Windows 专有扩展函数 10.5 WinSock 编程实例 10.5.1 实例一：面向连接服务的socket 调用 10.5.2 实例二：面向非连接服务的socket 调用 10.5.3 实例三：基于字符界面的聊天程序 第11 章 线程间的同步 11.1 进程和线程的概念 11.2 Win32 的线程 11.2.1 线程的创建 11.2.2 线程的终止 11.2.3 实例：通过创建多线程来编写网络聊天程序 11.3 MFC 的线程处理 11.3.1 创建工作者线程 11.3.2 创建用户界面线程 11.4 线程同步 11.4.1 为什么要同步 11.4.2 等待函数 11.4.3 同步对象 11.4.3.1 关键代码段 11.4.3.2 互斥对象 11.4.3.3 信标对象 11.4.3.4 事件对象 11.4.4 如何选择同步对象 第12 章 进程间的通讯 12.1 进程控制 12.1.1 进程的创建 12.1.2 进程的终止 12.2 进程间通讯 12.2.1 剪贴板通讯方式 12.2.2 邮槽通讯方式 12.2.3 管道通讯方式 12.2.3.1 命名管道通讯 12.2.3.2 匿名管道通讯 第14 章 ActiveX 技术 14.1 ActiveX 简介 14.2 ActiveX 控件和普通Windows 控件 14.2.1 ActiveX 控件和普通Windows 控件的相同点 14.2.2 ActiveX 控件和普通Windows 控件的相同点 14.3 ActiveX 控件的属性、方法和事件 14.3.1 ActiveX 控件的属性 14.3.2 ActiveX 控件的方法 14.3.3 ActiveX 控件的事件 14.4 创建ActiveX 控件
1、Hadoop集群部署的要点。 2、Hadoop环境配置： Hadoop安装先决条件 Hadoop安装模式 Hadoop配置文件主要作用 JDK安装与配置 SSH无密码登录 3、本地/独立模式搭建。 4、Hadoop伪分布模式搭建。 5、完全分布式搭建： Hadoop集群SSH配置 配置过程 Hadoop集群启停与验证
hadoop，hbase单机，伪分布，全分布部署方式过程和步骤。
本文档讲述如何appium环境的搭建过程
Maven权威指南 Authors Tim O'Brien (Sonatype, Inc.) , John Casey (Sonatype, Inc.) , Brian Fox (Sonatype, Inc.) , Bruce Snyder () , Jason Van Zyl (Sonatype, Inc.) , Juven Xu () Abstract Maven权威指南是一本关于Apache Maven的书。 Copyright 1. Creative Commons BY-ND-NC Foreword: Beta 0.16 Preface 1. How to Use this Book 2. Your Feedback 3. Font Conventions 4. Maven Writing Conventions 5. Acknowledgements 1. 介绍 Apache Maven 1.1. Maven... 它是什么? 1.2. 约定优于配置（Convention Over Configuration） 1.3. 一个一般的接口 1.4. 基于Maven插件的全局性重用 1.5. 一个“项目”的概念模型 1.6. Maven是Ant的另一种选择么？ 1.7. 比较Maven和Ant 1.8. 总结 2. 安装和运行Maven 2.1. 验证你的Java安装 2.2. 下载Maven 2.3. 安装Maven 2.3.1. 在Mac OSX上安装Maven 2.3.2. 在Microsoft Windows上安装Maven 2.3.3. 在Linux上安装Maven 2.3.4. 在FreeBSD或OpenBSD上安装Maven 2.4. 验证Maven安装 2.5. Maven安装细节 2.5.1. 用户相关配置和仓库 2.5.2. 升级Maven 2.6. 获得Maven帮助 2.7. 使用Maven Help插件 2.7.1. 描述一个Maven插件 2.8. 关于Apache软件许可证 I. Maven实战 3. 一个简单的Maven项目 3.1. 简介 3.1.1. 下载本章的例子 3.2. 创建一个简单的项目 3.3. 构建一个简单的项目 3.4. 简单的项目对象模型 (Project Object Model) 3.5. 核心概念 3.5.1. Maven插件和目标 (Plugins and Goals) 3.5.2. Maven生命周期 (Lifecycle) 3.5.3. Maven坐标 (Coordinates) 3.5.4. Maven仓库(Repositories) 3.5.5. Maven依赖管理 (Dependency Management) 3.5.6. 站点生成和报告 (Site Generation and Reporting) 3.6. 小结 4. 定制一个Maven项目 4.1. 介绍 4.1.1. 下载本章样例 4.2. 定义Simple Weather项目 4.2.1. Yahoo! Weather RSS 4.3. 创建Simple Weather项目 4.4. 定制项目信息 4.5. 添加新的依赖 4.6. Simple Weather源码 4.7. 添加资源 4.8. 运行Simple Weather项目 4.8.1. Maven Exec 插件 4.8.2. 浏览你的项目依赖 4.9. 编写单元测试 4.10. 添加测试范围依赖 4.11. 添加单元测试资源 4.12. 执行单元测试 4.12.1. 忽略测试失败 4.12.2. 跳过单元测试 4.13. 构建一个打包好的命令行应用程序 5. 一个简单的Web应用 5.1. 介绍 5.1.1. 下载本章样例 5.2. 定义这个简单的Web应用 5.3. 创建这个简单的Web应用 5.4. 配置Jetty插件 5.5. 添加一个简单的Servlet 5.6. 添加J2EE依赖 5.7. 小结 6. 一个多模块项目 6.1. 简介 6.1.1. 下载本章样例 6.2. simple-parent 项目 6.3. simple-weather 模块 6.4. simple-webapp 模块 6.5. 构建这个多模块项目 6.6. 运行Web应用 7. 多模块企业级项目 7.1. 简介 7.1.1. 下载本章样例 7.1.2. 多模块企业级项目 7.1.3. 本例中所用的技术 7.2. simple-parent项目 7.3. simple-model模块 7.4. simple-weather模块 7.5. simple-persist模块 7.6. simple-webapp模块 7.7. 运行这个Web应用 7.8. simple-command模块 7.9. 运行这个命令行程序 7.10. 小结 7.10.1. 编写接口项目程序 8. 优化和重构POM 8.1. 简介 8.2. POM清理 8.3. 优化依赖 8.4. 优化插件 8.5. 使用Maven Dependency插件进行优化 8.6. 最终的POM 8.7. 小结 II. Maven Reference 9. 项目对象模型 9.1. 简介 9.2. POM 9.2.1. 超级POM 9.2.2. 最简单的POM 9.2.3. 有效POM 9.2.4. 真正的POM 9.3. POM语法 9.3.1. 项目版本 9.3.1.1. 版本构建号 9.3.1.2. SNAPSHOT版本 9.3.1.3. LATEST 和 RELEASE 版本 9.3.2. 属性引用 9.4. 项目依赖 9.4.1. 依赖范围 9.4.2. 可选依赖 9.4.3. 依赖版本界限 9.4.4. 传递性依赖 9.4.4.1. 传递性依赖和范围 9.4.5. 冲突解决 9.4.6. 依赖管理 9.5. 项目关系 9.5.1. 坐标详解 9.5.2. 多模块项目 9.5.3. 项目继承 9.6. POM最佳实践 9.6.1. 依赖归类 9.6.2. 多模块 vs. 继承 9.6.2.1. 简单项目 9.6.2.2. 多模块企业级项目 9.6.2.3. 原型父项目 10. 构建生命周期 10.1. 简介 10.1.1. 清理生命周期 (clean) 10.1.2. 默认生命周期 (default) 10.1.3. 站点生命周期 (site) 10.2. 打包相关生命周期 10.2.1. JAR 10.2.2. POM 10.2.3. Maven Plugin 10.2.4. EJB 10.2.5. WAR 10.2.6. EAR 10.2.7. 其它打包类型 10.3. 通用生命周期目标 10.3.1. Process Resources 10.3.2. Compile 10.3.3. Process Test Resources 10.3.4. Test Compile 10.3.5. Test 10.3.6. Install 10.3.7. Deploy 11. 构建Profile 11.1. Profile是用来做什么的? 11.1.1. 什么是构建可移植性 11.1.1.1. 不可移植构建 11.1.1.2. 环境可移植性 11.1.1.3. 组织（内部）可移植性 11.1.1.4. 广泛（全局）可移植性 11.1.2. 选择一个适当级别的可移植性 11.2. 通过Maven Profiles实现可移植性 11.2.1. 覆盖一个项目对象模型 11.3. 激活Profile 11.3.1. 激活配置 11.3.2. 通过属性缺失激活 11.4. 外部Profile 11.5. Settings Profile 11.5.1. 全局Settings Profile 11.6. 列出活动的Profile 11.7. 提示和技巧 11.7.1. 常见的环境 11.7.2. 安全保护 11.7.3. 平台分类器 11.8. 小结 12. Maven Assemblies 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Assembly Basics 12.2.1. Predefined Assembly Descriptors 12.2.2. Building an Assembly 12.2.3. Assemblies as Dependencies 12.2.4. Assembling Assemblies via Assembly Dependencies 12.3. Overview of the Assembly Descriptor 12.4. The Assembly Descriptor 12.4.1. Property References in Assembly Descriptors 12.4.2. Required Assembly Information 12.5. Controlling the Contents of an Assembly 12.5.1. Files Section 12.5.2. FileSets Section 12.5.3. Default Exclusion Patterns for fileSets 12.5.4. dependencySets Section 12.5.4.1. Customizing Dependency Output Location 12.5.4.2. Interpolation of Properties in Dependency Output Location 12.5.4.3. Including and Excluding Dependencies by Scope 12.5.4.4. Fine Tuning: Dependency Includes and Excludes 12.5.4.5. Transitive Dependencies, Project Attachments, and Project Artifacts 12.5.4.6. Advanced Unpacking Options 12.5.4.7. Summarizing Dependency Sets 12.5.5. moduleSets Sections 12.5.5.1. Module Selection 12.5.5.2. Sources Section 12.5.5.3. Interpolation of outputDirectoryMapping in moduleSets 12.5.5.4. Binaries section 12.5.5.5. moduleSets, Parent POMs and the binaries Section 12.5.6. Repositories Section 12.5.7. Managing the Assembly’s Root Directory 12.5.8. componentDescriptors and containerDescriptorHandlers 12.6. Best Practices 12.6.1. Standard, Reusable Assembly Descriptors 12.6.2. Distribution (Aggregating) Assemblies 12.7. Summary 13. 属性和资源过滤 13.1. 简介 13.2. Maven属性 13.2.1. Maven项目的属性 13.2.2. Maven的Settings属性 13.2.3. 环境变量属性 13.2.4. Java系统属性 13.2.5. 用户定义的属性 13.3. 资源过滤 14. Maven和Eclipse: m2eclipse 14.1. 简介 14.2. m2eclipse 14.3. 安装 m2eclipse 插件 14.3.1. 安装前提条件 14.3.1.1. 安装 Subclipse 14.3.1.2. 安装 Mylyn 14.3.1.3. 安装 AspectJ Tools Platform (AJDT) 14.3.1.4. 安装 Web Tools Platform (WTP) 14.3.2. 安装 m2eclipse 14.4. 开启 Maven 控制台 14.5. 创建一个 Maven 项目 14.5.1. 从 SCM 签出一个 Maven 项目 14.5.2. 用Maven Archetype创建一个Maven项目 14.5.3. 创建一个 Maven 模块 14.6. 创建一个Maven POM文件 14.7. 导入Maven项目 14.7.1. 导入一个Maven项目 14.7.2. 具体化一个Maven项目 14.8. 运行Maven构建 14.9. 使用Maven进行工作 14.9.1. 添加及更新依赖或插件 14.9.2. 创建一个Maven模块 14.9.3. 下载源码 14.9.4. 打开项目页面 14.9.5. 解析依赖 14.10. 使用Maven仓库进行工作 14.10.1. 搜索 Maven 构件和 Java 类 14.10.2. 为Maven仓库编制索引 14.11. 使用基于表单的POM编辑器 14.12. 在m2eclipse中分析项目依赖 14.13. Maven 选项 14.14. 小结 15. 站点生成 15.1. 简介 15.2. 使用Maven构建项目站点 15.3. 自定义站点描述符 15.3.1. 自定义页面顶端图片 15.3.2. 自定义导航菜单 15.4. 站点目录结构 15.5. 编写项目文档 15.5.1. APT样例 15.5.2. FML样例 15.6. 部署你的项目web站点 15.6.1. 配置服务器认证 15.6.2. 配置文件和目录模式 15.7. 自定义站点外观 15.7.1. 自定义站点CSS 15.7.2. 创建自定义的站点模板 15.7.3. 可重用的web站点皮肤 15.7.4. 创建自定义的主题CSS 15.7.5. 在皮肤中自定义站点模板 15.8. 提示与技巧 15.8.1. 给HEAD嵌入XHTML 15.8.2. 在你站点logo下添加链接 15.8.3. 为你的站点添加导航链接 15.8.4. 添加项目版本 15.8.5. 修改发布日期格式和位置 15.8.6. 使用Doxia宏 16. 仓库管理器 16.1. 简介 16.1.1. Nexus历史 16.2. 安装Nexus 16.2.1. 从Sonatype下载Nexus 16.2.2. 安装Nexus 16.2.3. 运行Nexus 16.2.4. 安装后检查单 16.2.5. 为Redhat/Fedora/CentOS设置启动脚本 16.2.6. 升级Nexus版本 16.3. 使用Nexus 16.3.1. 浏览仓库 16.3.2. 浏览组 16.3.3. 搜索构件 16.3.4. 浏览系统RSS源 16.3.5. 浏览日志文件和配置 16.3.6. 更改你的密码 16.4. 配置Maven使用Nexus 16.4.1. 使用Nexus中央代理仓库 16.4.2. 使用Nexus作为快照仓库 16.4.3. 为缺少的依赖添加仓库 16.4.4. 添加一个新的仓库 16.4.5. 添加一个仓库至一个组 16.5. 配置Nexus 16.5.. 定制服务器配置 16.5.2. 管理仓库 16.5.3. 管理组 16.5.4. 管理路由 16.5.5. 网络配置 16.6. 维护仓库 16.7. 部署构件至Nexus 16.7.1. 部署发布版 16.7.2. 部署快照版 16.7.3. 部署第三方构件 17. Writing Plugins 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Programming Maven 17.2.1. What is Inversion of Control? 17.2.2. Introduction to Plexus 17.2.3. Why Plexus? 17.2.4. What is a Plugin? 17.3. Plugin Descriptor 17.3.1. Top-level Plugin Descriptor Elements 17.3.2. Mojo Configuration 17.3.3. Plugin Dependencies 17.4. Writing a Custom Plugin 17.4.1. Creating a Plugin Project 17.4.2. A Simple Java Mojo 17.4.3. Configuring a Plugin Prefix 17.4.4. Logging from a Plugin 17.4.5. Mojo Class Annotations 17.4.6. When a Mojo Fails 17.5. Mojo Parameters 17.5.1. Supplying Values for Mojo Parameters 17.5.2. Multi-valued Mojo Parameters 17.5.3. Depending on Plexus Components 17.5.4. Mojo Parameter Annotations 17.6. Plugins and the Maven Lifecycle 17.6.1. Executing a Parallel Lifecycle 17.6.2. Creating a Custom Lifecycle 17.6.3. Overriding the Default Lifecycle 18. Writing Plugins in Alternative Languages 18.1. Writing Plugins in Ant 18.2. Creating an Ant Plugin 18.3. Writing Plugins in JRuby 18.3.1. Creating a JRuby Plugin 18.3.2. Ruby Mojo Implementations 18.3.3. Logging from a Ruby Mojo 18.3.4. Raising a MojoError 18.3.5. Referencing Plexus Components from JRuby 18.4. Writing Plugins in Groovy 18.4.1. Creating a Groovy Plugin A. Appendix: Settings Details A.1. Quick Overview A.2. Settings Details A.2.1. Simple Values A.2.2. Servers A.2.3. Mirrors A.2.4. Proxies A.2.5. Profiles A.2.6. Activation A.2.7. Properties A.2.8. Repositories A.2.9. Plugin Repositories A.2.10. Active Profiles B. Appendix: Sun Specification Alternatives List of Figures 3.1. 一个插件包含一些目标 3.2. 一个生命周期是一些阶段的序列 3.3. 一个目标绑定到一个阶段 3.4. 被绑定的目标随着它们阶段的运行而运行 3.5. 一个Maven项目的坐标 3.6. Maven空间是项目的一个坐标系统 3.7. Maven处理传递性依赖 7.1. 多模块企业级应用的模块关系 7.2. 天气数据的简单对象模型 7.3. Spring MVC 控制器引用simple-weather和simple-persist中的组件 7.4. 引用 simple-weather 和 simple-persist 的命令行应用 7.5. 编写接口项目程序 9.1. 项目对象模型 9.2. 超级POM永远是最基础的父POM 9.3. 多模块项目关系 9.4. a-parent和project的项目继承关系 9.5. maven-book 多模块 vs. 继承 9.6. 企业级多模块 vs. 继承 9.7. 为特定的项目使用父项目作为“原型” 12.1. Assembly Descriptor Picture 14.1. 在Eclipse中开启Maven控制台 14.2. 使用m2eclipse向导来创建一个新项目 14.3. 从Subversion签出一个新的项目 14.4. 使用Maven Archetype创建一个Maven项目 14.5. 创建一个Maven模块 14.6. 为一个新的Maven模块选择一个父项目 14.7. 创建一个新的POM 14.8. 为新的POM添加依赖 14.9. 向中央仓库查询依赖 14.10. 导入一个Maven项目 14.11. 导入一个多模块的Maven项目 14.12. Materializing a Maven Project 14.13. 选择一个构件以具体化 14.14. 具体化Apache Camel 14.15. 通过Run As..运行一个Eclipse构建 14.16. 配置一个Maven构建作为一个运行配置 14.17. 可用的Maven特性 14.18. 手动给项目的POM添加一个依赖 14.19. 更新Maven依赖 14.20. 搜索依赖 14.21. 搜索构件和类 14.22. 搜索一个POM 14.23. 在仓库中搜索类 14.24. 打开Maven索引视图 14.25. Maven索引视图 14.26. 从索引视图定位一个POM 14.27. idiom-core的POM编辑器的Overview标签页 14.28. idiom父项目的POM编辑器的Overview标签页 14.29. idiom-core的有效POM 14.30. POM编辑器的Dependencies标签页 14.31. POM编辑器的Build标签页 14.32. POM编辑器的Dependency Tree标签页 14.33. 在依赖树中定位依赖 14.34. 以图的形式查看项目的依赖 14.35. 依赖图的放射状布局 14.36. Eclipse的Maven首选项 14.37. Maven目标对话框 14.38. Maven安装选项页面 14.39. 开启Maven版本装饰器 14.40. 没有Maven版本装饰器的包浏览器 14.41. 开启了Maven版本装饰器的包浏览器 15.1. 简单生成的Maven站点 15.2. 定制样例项目的web站点 16.1. Nexus登陆窗口(默认 用户名/密码 是 admin/admin123) 16.2. 匿名用户的Nexus界面 16.3. 浏览一个Nexus仓库 16.4. 浏览一个Nexus组 16.5. 关键词为"maven"的构件搜索结果 16.6. 浏览Nexus系统信息源 16.7. 浏览Nexus日志和配置文件 16.8. 更改你的Nexus密码 16.9. 添加一个Nexus仓库 16.10. 添加新的仓库至一个Nexus组 16.11. Nexus服务器配置 16.12. 代理仓库的配置页面 16.13. Nexus中的组配置页面 16.14. Nexus中的路由配置页面 List of Examples 1.1. 一个简单的 Ant build.xml 文件 1.2. 一个简单的 Maven pom.xml 3.1. Simple 项目的 pom.xml 文件 4.1. simple-wheather 项目的初始 POM 4.2. 为 pom.xml 添加组织，法律和开发人员信息 4.3. 添加 Dom4J, Jaxen, Velocity 和 Log4J 作为依赖 4.4. Simple Weather 的 Weather 模型对象 4.5. Simple Weather 的 Main 类 4.6. Simple Weather 的 YahooRetriever 类 4.7. Simple Weather 的 YahooParser 类 4.8. Simple Weather 的 WeatherFormatter 类 4.9. Simple Weather 的 Log4J 配置文件 4.10. Simple Weather 的 Output Velocity 模板 4.11. Simple Weather 的 YahooParserTest 单元测试 4.12. Simple Weather 的 WeatherFormatterTest 单元测试 4.13. 添加一个测试范围依赖 4.14. Simple Weather 的 WeatherFormatterTest 期望输出 4.15. Simple Weather 的 YahooParserTest XML 输入 4.16. 忽略单元测试失败 4.17. 插件参数表达式 4.18. 跳过单元测试 4.19. 配置 Maven 装配描述符 5.1. simple-web 项目的初始 POM 5.2. 配置 Jetty 插件 5.3. src/main/webapp/index.jsp 的内容 5.4. src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml 的内容 5.5. SimpleServlet 类 5.6. 匹配 Simple Servlet 5.7. 添加 Servlet 2.4 规格说明作为依赖 5.8. 添加 JSP 2.0 规格说明作为依赖 6.1. simple-parent 项目的 POM 6.2. simple-weather 模块的 POM 6.3. WeatherService 类 6.4. simple-webapp 模块的 POM 6.5. simple-webapp 的 WeatherServlet 6.6. simple-webapp 的 web.xml 7.1. simple-parent 项目的 POM 7.2. simple-model 的 pom.xml 7.3. 标注的Weather模型对象 7.4. simple-model 的 Condition 模型对象 7.5. simple-weather 模块的 POM 7.6. WeatherService 类 7.7. simple-weather模块的Spring Application Context 7.8. simple-persist 的 POM 7.9. simple-persist'的WeatherDAO类 7.10. simple-persist 的 Spring Application Context 7.11. simple-persist 的 hibernate.cfg.xml 7.12. simple-webapp的POM 7.13. simple-webapp WeatherController 7.14. 由 WeatherController 呈现的 weather.vm 模板 7.15. simple-web 的 HistoryController 7.16. 由 HistoryController 呈现的 history.vm 7.17. weather-servlet.xml 中的 Spring 控制器配置 7.18. simple-webapp 的 web.xml 7.19. simple-command 的 POM 7.20. simple-command 的 Main 类 7.21. WeatherFormatter 使用 Velocity 模板呈现天气数据 7.22. weather.vm Velocity 模板 7.23. history.vm Velocity 模板 8.1. simple-parent 的最终 POM 8.2. simple-command 的最终 POM 8.3. simple-model 的最终 POM 8.4. simple-persist 的最终 POM 8.5. simple-weather 的最终 POM 8.6. simple-webapp 的最终 POM 9.1. 超级POM 9.2. 最简单的POM 9.3. 项目依赖 9.4. 声明可选依赖 9.5. 指定一个依赖界限：JUnit 3.8 - JUnit 4.0 9.6. 指定一个依赖界限：JUnit <= 3.8.1 9.7. 排除一个传递性依赖 9.8. 排除并替换一个传递性依赖 9.9. 在一个顶层POM中定义依赖版本 9.10. top-group的modules元素 9.11. sub-group的modules元素 9.12. 项目继承 9.13. 在一个单独的POM项目中巩固依赖 9.14. 声明一个对于POM的依赖 10.1. 在pre-clean阶段触发一个目标 10.2. 自定义Clean插件的行为 10.3. 为Adobe Flex (SWF)定制打包类型 10.4. 在项目资源中使用属性 10.5. src/main/filters中的default.properties 10.6. 过滤资源 (替换属性) 10.7. 配置额外的资源目录 10.8. 过滤脚本资源 10.9. 为Compiler插件设置source和target版本 10.10. 覆盖默认的源码和输出目录 10.11. 覆盖测试源码和输出的位置 10.12. 配置Surefire忽略单元测试失败 11.1. 使用一个Maven Profile覆盖Compiler插件设置 11.2. Profile中允许出现的元素 11.3. 使用Profile激活动态包含子模块 11.4. Profile激活参数：JDK版本，操作系统参数，以及属性 11.5. 在属性缺失的情况下激活Profile 11.6. 将profile放到一个profiles.xml文件中 11.7. 定义用户特定的Setting Profile (~/.m2/settings.xml) 11.8. 定义激活的Settings Profile 11.9. ~/.m2/settings.xml 中定义一个设置了environment.type的默认profile， 11.10. 项目profile，当environment.type等于'dev'时被激活 11.11. 在用户特定Settings Profile中存储秘密信息 11.12. 使用由平台激活的Profile修饰构件 11.13. 使用由平台激活的Profile和变量替换修饰构件 11.14. 依赖于一个已修饰的构件 12.1. Assembly Descriptor for Executable JAR 12.2. Configuring the project assembly in top-level POM 12.3. Activating the Assembly Plugin Configuration in Child Projects 12.4. POM for the Assembly Bundling Project 12.5. Required Assembly Descriptor Elements 12.6. Including a JAR file in an Assembly using files 12.7. Including Files with fileSet 12.8. Definition of Default Exclusion Patterns from Plexus Utils 12.9. Defining Dependency Sets Using Scope 12.10. Using Dependency Excludes and Includes in dependencySets 12.11. Excluding Files from a Dependency Unpack 12.12. Includes and Excluding Modules with a moduleSet 12.13. Including JavaDoc from Modules in an Assembly 12.14. Including Module Artifacts and Dependencies in an Assembly 13.1. POM中的用户定义属性 13.2. POM的Profile中的用户定义属性 13.3. 在资源中引用Maven属性 13.4. 定义变量和激活资源过滤 15.1. 一个初始的站点描述符 15.2. 给站点描述符添加Banner Left和Banner Right 15.3. 在站点描述符中创建菜单项 15.4. 站点菜单添加链接 15.5. APT文档 15.6. FAQ标记语言文档 15.7. 配置站点部署 15.8. 在用户特定Settings中存储服务器认证信息 15.9. 在远程服务器上配置文件和目录模式 15.10. 在一个项目的POM中自定义页面模板 15.11. 给站点描述符添加一个菜单项 15.12. 在站点描述符中配置自定义站点皮肤 15.13. 给HEAD元素嵌入HTML 15.14. 在你的站点Logo下添加链接 15.15. 配置站点导航链接 15.16. 放置版本信息 15.17. 放置发布日期 15.18. 配置发布日期格式 15.19. XHTML中Snippet宏的输出 16.1. 为Nexus配置Maven Settings (~/.m2/settings.xml) 16.2. 配置Maven使其为发布版和快照版使用Nexus 16.3. ${NEXUS_HOME}/conf/plexus.properties的内容 16.4. 为部署配置发布版本仓库 16.5. 为部署配置快照版本仓库 16.6. Oracle JDBC JAR 依赖 17.1. Plugin Descriptor 17.2. A Plugin Project's POM 17.3. A Simple EchoMojo 17.4. Maven Metadata for the Maven Plugin Group 17.5. Customizing the Plugin Groups in Maven Settings 17.6. Configuring a Plugin Prefix 17.7. A Plugin with Multi-valued Parameters 17.8. Depending on a Plexus Component 17.9. Define a Custom Lifecycle in lifecycle.xml 17.10. Forking a Customer Lifecycle from a Mojo 17.11. Overriding the Default Lifecycle 17.12. Configuring a Plugin as an Extension 18.1. POM for an Ant Maven Plugin 18.2. Echo Ant Mojo 18.3. Echo Ant Mojo Descriptor 18.4. POM for a JRuby Maven Plugin 18.5. The Echo Ruby Mojo 18.6. Referencing a Maven Project from a Ruby Mojo 18.7. Raising a MojoError from a Ruby Mojo 18.8. Depending on a Plexus Component from a Ruby Mojo 18.9. POM for a Groovy Maven Plugin 18.10. A.1. Overview of top-level elements in settings.xml A.2. Simple top-level elements in settings.xml A.3. Server configuration in settings.xml A.4. Mirror configuration in settings.xml A.5. Proxy configuration in settings.xml A.6. Defining Activation Parameters in settings.xml A.7. Setting the ${user.install} property in settings.xml A.8. Repository Configuration in settings.xml A.9. Setting active profiles in settings.xml B.1. Adding JTA 1.0.1B to a Maven Project
Python参考手册，官方正式版参考手册，chm版。以下摘取部分内容:Navigation index modules | next | Python » 3.6.5 Documentation » Python Documentation contents What’s New in Python What’s New In Python 3.6 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 498: Formatted string literals PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order New dict implementation PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython PYTHONMALLOC environment variable DTrace and SystemTap probing support Other Language Changes New Modules secrets Improved Modules array ast asyncio binascii cmath collections concurrent.futures contextlib datetime decimal distutils email encodings enum faulthandler fileinput hashlib http.client idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect json logging math multiprocessing os pathlib pdb pickle pickletools pydoc random re readline rlcompleter shlex site sqlite3 socket socketserver ssl statistics struct subprocess sys telnetlib time timeit tkinter traceback tracemalloc typing unicodedata unittest.mock urllib.request urllib.robotparser venv warnings winreg winsound xmlrpc.client zipfile zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python behavior Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods asynchat asyncore dbm distutils grp importlib os re ssl tkinter venv Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated Build Options Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.6 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API CPython bytecode changes Notable changes in Python 3.6.2 New make regen-all build target Removal of make touch build target Notable changes in Python 3.6.5 What’s New In Python 3.5 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray PEP 484 - Type Hints PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization Other Language Changes New Modules typing zipapp Improved Modules argparse asyncio bz2 cgi cmath code collections collections.abc compileall concurrent.futures configparser contextlib csv curses dbm difflib distutils doctest email enum faulthandler functools glob gzip heapq http http.client idlelib and IDLE imaplib imghdr importlib inspect io ipaddress json linecache locale logging lzma math multiprocessing operator os pathlib pickle poplib re readline selectors shutil signal smtpd smtplib sndhdr socket ssl Memory BIO Support Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support Other Changes sqlite3 subprocess sys sysconfig tarfile threading time timeit tkinter traceback types unicodedata unittest unittest.mock urllib wsgiref xmlrpc xml.sax zipfile Other module-level changes Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python Behavior Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.5 Changes in Python behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API What’s New In Python 3.4 Summary – Release Highlights New Features PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations Bootstrapping pip By Default Documentation Changes PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable Improvements to Codec Handling PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Other Language Changes New Modules asyncio ensurepip enum pathlib selectors statistics tracemalloc Improved Modules abc aifc argparse audioop base64 collections colorsys contextlib dbm dis doctest email filecmp functools gc glob hashlib hmac html http idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect ipaddress logging marshal mmap multiprocessing operator os pdb pickle plistlib poplib pprint pty pydoc re resource select shelve shutil smtpd smtplib socket sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sunau sys tarfile textwrap threading traceback types urllib unittest venv wave weakref xml.etree zipfile CPython Implementation Changes PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm PEP 436: Argument Clinic Other Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Significant Optimizations Deprecated Deprecations in the Python API Deprecated Features Removed Operating Systems No Longer Supported API and Feature Removals Code Cleanups Porting to Python 3.4 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API Changed in 3.4.3 PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients What’s New In Python 3.3 Summary – Release highlights PEP 405: Virtual Environments PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation Features API changes PEP 393: Flexible String Representation Functionality Performance and resource usage PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator PEP 409: Suppressing exception context PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary PEP 362: Function Signature Object PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation SimpleNamespace Using importlib as the Implementation of Import New APIs Visible Changes Other Language Changes A Finer-Grained Import Lock Builtin functions and types New Modules faulthandler ipaddress lzma Improved Modules abc array base64 binascii bz2 codecs collections contextlib crypt curses datetime decimal Features API changes email Policy Framework Provisional Policy with New Header API Other API Changes ftplib functools gc hmac http html imaplib inspect io itertools logging math mmap multiprocessing nntplib os pdb pickle pydoc re sched select shlex shutil signal smtpd smtplib socket socketserver sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sys tarfile tempfile textwrap threading time types unittest urllib webbrowser xml.etree.ElementTree zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated features Porting to Python 3.3 Porting Python code Porting C code Building C extensions Command Line Switch Changes What’s New In Python 3.2 PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules email elementtree functools itertools collections threading datetime and time math abc io reprlib logging csv contextlib decimal and fractions ftp popen select gzip and zipfile tarfile hashlib ast os shutil sqlite3 html socket ssl nntp certificates imaplib http.client unittest random poplib asyncore tempfile inspect pydoc dis dbm ctypes site sysconfig pdb configparser urllib.parse mailbox turtledemo Multi-threading Optimizations Unicode Codecs Documentation IDLE Code Repository Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.2 What’s New In Python 3.1 PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Optimizations IDLE Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.1 What’s New In Python 3.0 Common Stumbling Blocks Print Is A Function Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists Ordering Comparisons Integers Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit Overview Of Syntax Changes New Syntax Changed Syntax Removed Syntax Changes Already Present In Python 2.6 Library Changes PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting Changes To Exceptions Miscellaneous Other Changes Operators And Special Methods Builtins Build and C API Changes Performance Porting To Python 3.0 What’s New in Python 2.7 The Future for Python 2.x Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings Python 3.1 Features PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging PEP 3106: Dictionary Views PEP 3137: The memoryview Object Other Language Changes Interpreter Changes Optimizations New and Improved Modules New module: importlib New module: sysconfig ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk Updated module: unittest Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 Build and C API Changes Capsules Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.7 New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.6 Python 3.0 Changes to the Development Process New Issue Tracker: Roundup New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting PEP 3105: print As a Function PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes PEP 3112: Byte Literals PEP 3116: New I/O Library PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax PEP 3129: Class Decorators PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers The fractions Module Other Language Changes Optimizations Interpreter Changes New and Improved Modules The ast module The future_builtins module The json module: JavaScript Object Notation The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser ctypes Enhancements Improved SSL Support Deprecations and Removals Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: IRIX Porting to Python 2.6 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.5 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions PEP 309: Partial Function Application PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally PEP 342: New Generator Features PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method Other Language Changes Interactive Interpreter Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Removed Modules The ctypes package The ElementTree package The hashlib package The sqlite3 package The wsgiref package Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.5 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.4 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 289: Generator Expressions PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods PEP 322: Reverse Iteration PEP 324: New subprocess Module PEP 327: Decimal Data Type Why is Decimal needed? The Decimal type The Context type PEP 328: Multi-line Imports PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Other Language Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules cookielib doctest Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.4 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.3 PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 263: Source Code Encodings PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT PEP 278: Universal Newline Support PEP 279: enumerate() PEP 282: The logging Package PEP 285: A Boolean Type PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils PEP 302: New Import Hooks PEP 305: Comma-separated Files PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements Extended Slices Other Language Changes String Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Date/Time Type The optparse Module Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.3 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.2 Introduction PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes Old and New Classes Descriptors Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule Attribute Access Related Links PEP 234: Iterators PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator Unicode Changes PEP 227: Nested Scopes New and Improved Modules Interpreter Changes and Fixes Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.1 Introduction PEP 227: Nested Scopes PEP 236: __future__ Directives PEP 207: Rich Comparisons PEP 230: Warning Framework PEP 229: New Build System PEP 205: Weak References PEP 232: Function Attributes PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook PEP 208: New Coercion Model PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages New and Improved Modules Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.0 Introduction What About Python 1.6? New Development Process Unicode List Comprehensions Augmented Assignment String Methods Garbage Collection of Cycles Other Core Changes Minor Language Changes Changes to Built-in Functions Porting to 2.0 Extending/Embedding Changes Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install XML Modules SAX2 Support DOM Support Relationship to PyXML Module changes New modules IDLE Improvements Deleted and Deprecated Modules Acknowledgements Changelog Python 3.6.5 final? Tests Build Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.4 final? Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.3 final? Library Build Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows IDLE Tools/Demos Python 3.6.2 final? Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2? Security Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Documentation Tools/Demos Tests Windows Python 3.6.1 final? Core and Builtins Build Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Windows C API Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 final? Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library C API Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Windows Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Windows C API Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE C API Tests Build Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.6.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Windows Build Python 3.6.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Tools/Demos Documentation Tests Python 3.6.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Windows Build Windows C API Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.3 final? Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.5.2 final? Core and Builtins Tests IDLE Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.5.1 final? Core and Builtins Windows Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 final? Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4? Library Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Python 3.5.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Python 3.5.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Tests Documentation Build Python 3.5.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Build C API Windows Python 3.5.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Build C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows The Python Tutorial 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Strings 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops 4.5. pass Statements 4.6. Defining Functions 4.7. More on Defining Functions 4.7.1. Default Argument Values 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions 4.7.6. Documentation Strings 4.7.7. Function Annotations 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. User-defined Exceptions 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Python Setup and Usage 1. Command line and environment 1.1. Command line 1.1.1. Interface options 1.1.2. Generic options 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use 1.2. Environment variables 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables 2. Using Python on Unix platforms 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python 2.1.1. On Linux 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris 2.2. Building Python 2.3. Python-related paths and files 2.4. Miscellaneous 2.5. Editors and IDEs 3. Using Python on Windows 3.1. Installing Python 3.1.1. Supported Versions 3.1.2. Installation Steps 3.1.3. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation 3.1.4. Installing Without UI 3.1.5. Installing Without Downloading 3.1.6. Modifying an install 3.1.7. Other Platforms 3.2. Alternative bundles 3.3. Configuring Python 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable 3.4. Python Launcher for Windows 3.4.1. Getting started 3.4.1.1. From the command-line 3.4.1.2. Virtual environments 3.4.1.3. From a script 3.4.1.4. From file associations 3.4.2. Shebang Lines 3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines 3.4.4. Customization 3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files 3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions 3.4.5. Diagnostics 3.5. Finding modules 3.6. Additional modules 3.6.1. PyWin32 3.6.2. cx_Freeze 3.6.3. WConio 3.7. Compiling Python on Windows 3.8. Embedded Distribution 3.8.1. Python Application 3.8.2. Embedding Python 3.9. Other resources 4. Using Python on a Macintosh 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython 4.1.1. How to run a Python script 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI 4.1.3. Configuration 4.2. The IDE 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac 4.6. Other Resources The Python Language Reference 1. Introduction 1.1. Alternate Implementations 1.2. Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1. Line structure 2.1.1. Logical lines 2.1.2. Physical lines 2.1.3. Comments 2.1.4. Encoding declarations 2.1.5. Explicit line joining 2.1.6. Implicit line joining 2.1.7. Blank lines 2.1.8. Indentation 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens 2.2. Other tokens 2.3. Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1. Keywords 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4. Literals 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals 2.4.2. String literal concatenation 2.4.3. Formatted string literals 2.4.4. Numeric literals 2.4.5. Integer literals 2.4.6. Floating point literals 2.4.7. Imaginary literals 2.5. Operators 2.6. Delimiters 3. Data model 3.1. Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3. Special method names 3.3.1. Basic customization 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors 3.3.2.4. __slots__ 3.3.2.4.1. Notes on using __slots__ 3.3.3. Customizing class creation 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses 3.3.3.2. Determining the appropriate metaclass 3.3.3.3. Preparing the class namespace 3.3.3.4. Executing the class body 3.3.3.5. Creating the class object 3.3.3.6. Metaclass example 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks 3.3.5. Emulating callable objects 3.3.6. Emulating container types 3.3.7. Emulating numeric types 3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers 3.3.9. Special method lookup 3.4. Coroutines 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers 4. Execution model 4.1. Structure of a program 4.2. Naming and binding 4.2.1. Binding of names 4.2.2. Resolution of names 4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution 4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features 4.3. Exceptions 5. The import system 5.1. importlib 5.2. Packages 5.2.1. Regular packages 5.2.2. Namespace packages 5.3. Searching 5.3.1. The module cache 5.3.2. Finders and loaders 5.3.3. Import hooks 5.3.4. The meta path 5.4. Loading 5.4.1. Loaders 5.4.2. Submodules 5.4.3. Module spec 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes 5.4.5. module.__path__ 5.4.6. Module reprs 5.5. The Path Based Finder 5.5.1. Path entry finders 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol 5.6. Replacing the standard import system 5.7. Special considerations for __main__ 5.7.1. __main__.__spec__ 5.8. Open issues 5.9. References 6. Expressions 6.1. Arithmetic conversions 6.2. Atoms 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names) 6.2.2. Literals 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries 6.2.5. List displays 6.2.6. Set displays 6.2.7. Dictionary displays 6.2.8. Generator expressions 6.2.9. Yield expressions 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods 6.2.9.2. Examples 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods 6.3. Primaries 6.3.1. Attribute references 6.3.2. Subscriptions 6.3.3. Slicings 6.3.4. Calls 6.4. Await expression 6.5. The power operator 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations 6.8. Shifting operations 6.9. Binary bitwise operations 6.10. Comparisons 6.10.1. Value comparisons 6.10.2. Membership test operations 6.10.3. Identity comparisons 6.11. Boolean operations 6.12. Conditional expressions 6.13. Lambdas 6.14. Expression lists 6.15. Evaluation order 6.16. Operator precedence 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.5. The with statement 8.6. Function definitions 8.7. Class definitions 8.8. Coroutines 8.8.1. Coroutine function definition 8.8.2. The async for statement 8.8.3. The async with statement 9. Top-level components 9.1. Complete Python programs 9.2. File input 9.3. Interactive input 9.4. Expression input 10. Full Grammar specification The Python Standard Library 1. Introduction 2. Built-in Functions 3. Built-in Constants 3.1. Constants added by the site module 4. Built-in Types 4.1. Truth Value Testing 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not 4.3. Comparisons 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex 4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types 4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types 4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float 4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types 4.5. Iterator Types 4.5.1. Generator Types 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range 4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations 4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types 4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types 4.6.4. Lists 4.6.5. Tuples 4.6.6. Ranges 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str 4.7.1. String Methods 4.7.2. printf-style String Formatting 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview 4.8.1. Bytes Objects 4.8.2. Bytearray Objects 4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations 4.8.4. printf-style Bytes Formatting 4.8.5. Memory Views 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset 4.10. Mapping Types — dict 4.10.1. Dictionary view objects 4.11. Context Manager Types 4.12. Other Built-in Types 4.12.1. Modules 4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances 4.12.3. Functions 4.12.4. Methods 4.12.5. Code Objects 4.12.6. Type Objects 4.12.7. The Null Object 4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object 4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object 4.12.10. Boolean Values 4.12.11. Internal Objects 4.13. Special Attributes 5. Built-in Exceptions 5.1. Base classes 5.2. Concrete exceptions 5.2.1. OS exceptions 5.3. Warnings 5.4. Exception hierarchy 6. Text Processing Services 6.1. string — Common string operations 6.1.1. String constants 6.1.2. Custom String Formatting 6.1.3. Format String Syntax 6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language 6.1.3.2. Format examples 6.1.4. Template strings 6.1.5. Helper functions 6.2. re — Regular expression operations 6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax 6.2.2. Module Contents 6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects 6.2.4. Match Objects 6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples 6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair 6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf() 6.2.5.3. search() vs. match() 6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook 6.2.5.5. Text Munging 6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs 6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions 6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation 6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas 6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects 6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples 6.3.3. Differ Objects 6.3.4. Differ Example 6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface 6.7.1. Init file 6.7.2. Line buffer 6.7.3. History file 6.7.4. History list 6.7.5. Startup hooks 6.7.6. Completion 6.7.7. Example 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline 6.8.1. Completer Objects 7. Binary Data Services 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data 7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions 7.1.2. Format Strings 7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment 7.1.2.2. Format Characters 7.1.2.3. Examples 7.1.3. Classes 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes 7.2.1. Codec Base Classes 7.2.1.1. Error Handlers 7.2.1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects 7.2.1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects 7.2.1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.2. StreamReader Objects 7.2.1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects 7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode 7.2.3. Standard Encodings 7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings 7.2.4.1. Text Encodings 7.2.4.2. Binary Transforms 7.2.4.3. Text Transforms 7.2.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 7.2.6. encodings.mbcs — Windows ANSI codepage 7.2.7. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature 8. Data Types 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types 8.1.1. Available Types 8.1.2. timedelta Objects 8.1.3. date Objects 8.1.4. datetime Objects 8.1.5. time Objects 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects 8.1.7. timezone Objects 8.1.8. strftime() and strptime() Behavior 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions 8.3. collections — Container datatypes 8.3.1. ChainMap objects 8.3.1.1. ChainMap Examples and Recipes 8.3.2. Counter objects 8.3.3. deque objects 8.3.3.1. deque Recipes 8.3.4. defaultdict objects 8.3.4.1. defaultdict Examples 8.3.5. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields 8.3.6. OrderedDict objects 8.3.6.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes 8.3.7. UserDict objects 8.3.8. UserList objects 8.3.9. UserString objects 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers 8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm 8.5.1. Basic Examples 8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes 8.5.3. Theory 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm 8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists 8.6.2. Other Examples 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values 8.8. weakref — Weak references 8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects 8.8.2. Example 8.8.3. Finalizer Objects 8.8.4. Comparing finalizers with __del__() methods 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types 8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation 8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types 8.9.3. Additional Utility Classes and Functions 8.9.4. Coroutine Utility Functions 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer 8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects 8.11.2. Example 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation 8.12.1. Repr Objects 8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations 8.13.1. Module Contents 8.13.2. Creating an Enum 8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes 8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values 8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values 8.13.6. Using automatic values 8.13.7. Iteration 8.13.8. Comparisons 8.13.9. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations 8.13.10. Restricted subclassing of enumerations 8.13.11. Pickling 8.13.12. Functional API 8.13.13. Derived Enumerations 8.13.13.1. IntEnum 8.13.13.2. IntFlag 8.13.13.3. Flag 8.13.13.4. Others 8.13.14. Interesting examples 8.13.14.1. Omitting values 8.13.14.1.1. Using auto 8.13.14.1.2. Using object 8.13.14.1.3. Using a descriptive string 8.13.14.1.4. Using a custom __new__() 8.13.14.2. OrderedEnum 8.13.14.3. DuplicateFreeEnum 8.13.14.4. Planet 8.13.15. How are Enums different? 8.13.15.1. Enum Classes 8.13.15.2. Enum Members (aka instances) 8.13.15.3. Finer Points 8.13.15.3.1. Supported __dunder__ names 8.13.15.3.2. Supported _sunder_ names 8.13.15.3.3. Enum member type 8.13.15.3.4. Boolean value of Enum classes and members 8.13.15.3.5. Enum classes with methods 8.13.15.3.6. Combining members of Flag 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes 9.1.1. The numeric tower 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations 9.2. math — Mathematical functions 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions 9.2.4. Angular conversion 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions 9.2.6. Special functions 9.2.7. Constants 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions 9.3.5. Classification functions 9.3.6. Constants 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial 9.4.2. Decimal objects 9.4.2.1. Logical operands 9.4.3. Context objects 9.4.4. Constants 9.4.5. Rounding modes 9.4.6. Signals 9.4.7. Floating Point Notes 9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision 9.4.7.2. Special values 9.4.8. Working with threads 9.4.9. Recipes 9.4.10. Decimal FAQ 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers 9.6.1. Bookkeeping functions 9.6.2. Functions for integers 9.6.3. Functions for sequences 9.6.4. Real-valued distributions 9.6.5. Alternative Generator 9.6.6. Notes on Reproducibility 9.6.7. Examples and Recipes 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions 9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location 9.7.2. Measures of spread 9.7.3. Function details 9.7.4. Exceptions 10. Functional Programming Modules 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 10.1.1. Itertool functions 10.1.2. Itertools Recipes 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects 10.2.1. partial Objects 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions 10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions 10.3.2. Inplace Operators 11. File and Directory Access 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths 11.1.1. Basic use 11.1.2. Pure paths 11.1.2.1. General properties 11.1.2.2. Operators 11.1.2.3. Accessing individual parts 11.1.2.4. Methods and properties 11.1.3. Concrete paths 11.1.3.1. Methods 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons 11.5.1. The dircmp class 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories 11.6.1. Examples 11.6.2. Deprecated functions and variables 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations 11.10.1. Directory and files operations 11.10.1.1. copytree example 11.10.1.2. rmtree example 11.10.2. Archiving operations 11.10.2.1. Archiving example 11.10.3. Querying the size of the output terminal 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions 12. Data Persistence 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization 12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules 12.1.1.1. Comparison with marshal 12.1.1.2. Comparison with json 12.1.2. Data stream format 12.1.3. Module Interface 12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled? 12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances 12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects 12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables 12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects 12.1.6. Restricting Globals 12.1.7. Performance 12.1.8. Examples 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions 12.2.1. Example 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence 12.3.1. Restrictions 12.3.2. Example 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” 12.5.1. dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm 12.5.2. dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbm 12.5.3. dbm.dumb — Portable DBM implementation 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases 12.6.1. Module functions and constants 12.6.2. Connection Objects 12.6.3. Cursor Objects 12.6.4. Row Objects 12.6.5. Exceptions 12.6.6. SQLite and Python types 12.6.6.1. Introduction 12.6.6.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases 12.6.6.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself 12.6.6.2.2. Registering an adapter callable 12.6.6.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types 12.6.6.4. Default adapters and converters 12.6.7. Controlling Transactions 12.6.8. Using sqlite3 efficiently 12.6.8.1. Using shortcut methods 12.6.8.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index 12.6.8.3. Using the connection as a context manager 12.6.9. Common issues 12.6.9.1. Multithreading 13. Data Compression and Archiving 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files 13.2.1. Examples of usage 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression 13.3.1. (De)compression of files 13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression 13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm 13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files 13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory 13.4.3. Miscellaneous 13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains 13.4.5. Examples 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives 13.5.1. ZipFile Objects 13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects 13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects 13.5.4. Command-Line Interface 13.5.4.1. Command-line options 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files 13.6.1. TarFile Objects 13.6.2. TarInfo Objects 13.6.3. Command-Line Interface 13.6.3.1. Command-line options 13.6.4. Examples 13.6.5. Supported tar formats 13.6.6. Unicode issues 14. File Formats 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing 14.1.1. Module Contents 14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters 14.1.3. Reader Objects 14.1.4. Writer Objects 14.1.5. Examples 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser 14.2.1. Quick Start 14.2.2. Supported Datatypes 14.2.3. Fallback Values 14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure 14.2.5. Interpolation of values 14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access 14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour 14.2.8. Legacy API Examples 14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects 14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects 14.2.11. Exceptions 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing 14.3.1. netrc Objects 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data 14.4.1. Packer Objects 14.4.2. Unpacker Objects 14.4.3. Exceptions 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files 14.5.1. Examples 15. Cryptographic Services 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests 15.1.1. Hash algorithms 15.1.2. SHAKE variable length digests 15.1.3. Key derivation 15.1.4. BLAKE2 15.1.4.1. Creating hash objects 15.1.4.2. Constants 15.1.4.3. Examples 15.1.4.3.1. Simple hashing 15.1.4.3.2. Using different digest sizes 15.1.4.3.3. Keyed hashing 15.1.4.3.4. Randomized hashing 15.1.4.3.5. Personalization 15.1.4.3.6. Tree mode 15.1.4.4. Credits 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 15.3. secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets 15.3.1. Random numbers 15.3.2. Generating tokens 15.3.2.1. How many bytes should tokens use? 15.3.3. Other functions 15.3.4. Recipes and best practices 16. Generic Operating System Services 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables 16.1.2. Process Parameters 16.1.3. File Object Creation 16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations 16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal 16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors 16.1.5. Files and Directories 16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes 16.1.6. Process Management 16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler 16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information 16.1.9. Random numbers 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams 16.2.1. Overview 16.2.1.1. Text I/O 16.2.1.2. Binary I/O 16.2.1.3. Raw I/O 16.2.2. High-level Module Interface 16.2.2.1. In-memory streams 16.2.3. Class hierarchy 16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes 16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O 16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams 16.2.3.4. Text I/O 16.2.4. Performance 16.2.4.1. Binary I/O 16.2.4.2. Text I/O 16.2.4.3. Multi-threading 16.2.4.4. Reentrancy 16.3. time — Time access and conversions 16.3.1. Functions 16.3.2. Clock ID Constants 16.3.3. Timezone Constants 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands 16.4.1. Example 16.4.1.1. Creating a parser 16.4.1.2. Adding arguments 16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments 16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects 16.4.2.1. prog 16.4.2.2. usage 16.4.2.3. description 16.4.2.4. epilog 16.4.2.5. parents 16.4.2.6. formatter_class 16.4.2.7. prefix_chars 16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars 16.4.2.9. argument_default 16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev 16.4.2.11. conflict_handler 16.4.2.12. add_help 16.4.3. The add_argument() method 16.4.3.1. name or flags 16.4.3.2. action 16.4.3.3. nargs 16.4.3.4. const 16.4.3.5. default 16.4.3.6. type 16.4.3.7. choices 16.4.3.8. required 16.4.3.9. help 16.4.3.10. metavar 16.4.3.11. dest 16.4.3.12. Action classes 16.4.4. The parse_args() method 16.4.4.1. Option value syntax 16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments 16.4.4.3. Arguments containing - 16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching) 16.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv 16.4.4.6. The Namespace object 16.4.5. Other utilities 16.4.5.1. Sub-commands 16.4.5.2. FileType objects 16.4.5.3. Argument groups 16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion 16.4.5.5. Parser defaults 16.4.5.6. Printing help 16.4.5.7. Partial parsing 16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing 16.4.5.9. Exiting methods 16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python 16.6.1. Logger Objects 16.6.2. Logging Levels 16.6.3. Handler Objects 16.6.4. Formatter Objects 16.6.5. Filter Objects 16.6.6. LogRecord Objects 16.6.7. LogRecord attributes 16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects 16.6.9. Thread Safety 16.6.10. Module-Level Functions 16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes 16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration 16.7.1. Configuration functions 16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema 16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details 16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration 16.7.2.3. Object connections 16.7.2.4. User-defined objects 16.7.2.5. Access to external objects 16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects 16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers 16.7.3. Configuration file format 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers 16.8.1. StreamHandler 16.8.2. FileHandler 16.8.3. NullHandler 16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler 16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler 16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler 16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler 16.8.8. SocketHandler 16.8.9. DatagramHandler 16.8.10. SysLogHandler 16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler 16.8.12. SMTPHandler 16.8.13. MemoryHandler 16.8.14. HTTPHandler 16.8.15. QueueHandler 16.8.16. QueueListener 16.9. getpass — Portable password input 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays 16.10.1. Functions 16.10.2. Window Objects 16.10.3. Constants 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs 16.11.1. Textbox objects 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses 16.13.1. Functions 16.13.2. Panel Objects 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data 16.14.1. Cross Platform 16.14.2. Java Platform 16.14.3. Windows Platform 16.14.3.1. Win95/98 specific 16.14.4. Mac OS Platform 16.14.5. Unix Platforms 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python 16.16.1. ctypes tutorial 16.16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries 16.16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls 16.16.1.3. Calling functions 16.16.1.4. Fundamental data types 16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued 16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types 16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes) 16.16.1.8. Return types 16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference) 16.16.1.10. Structures and unions 16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order 16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions 16.16.1.13. Arrays 16.16.1.14. Pointers 16.16.1.15. Type conversions 16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types 16.16.1.17. Callback functions 16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls 16.16.1.19. Surprises 16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types 16.16.2. ctypes reference 16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries 16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries 16.16.2.3. Foreign functions 16.16.2.4. Function prototypes 16.16.2.5. Utility functions 16.16.2.6. Data types 16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types 16.16.2.8. Structured data types 16.16.2.9. Arrays and pointers 17. Concurrent Execution 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism 17.1.1. Thread-Local Data 17.1.2. Thread Objects 17.1.3. Lock Objects 17.1.4. RLock Objects 17.1.5. Condition Objects 17.1.6. Semaphore Objects 17.1.6.1. Semaphore Example 17.1.7. Event Objects 17.1.8. Timer Objects 17.1.9. Barrier Objects 17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism 17.2.1. Introduction 17.2.1.1. The Process class 17.2.1.2. Contexts and start methods 17.2.1.3. Exchanging objects between processes 17.2.1.4. Synchronization between processes 17.2.1.5. Sharing state between processes 17.2.1.6. Using a pool of workers 17.2.2. Reference 17.2.2.1. Process and exceptions 17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues 17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous 17.2.2.4. Connection Objects 17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives 17.2.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects 17.2.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module 17.2.2.7. Managers 17.2.2.7.1. Customized managers 17.2.2.7.2. Using a remote manager 17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects 17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup 17.2.2.9. Process Pools 17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients 17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats 17.2.2.11. Authentication keys 17.2.2.12. Logging 17.2.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module 17.2.3. Programming guidelines 17.2.3.1. All start methods 17.2.3.2. The spawn and forkserver start methods 17.2.4. Examples 17.3. The concurrent package 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks 17.4.1. Executor Objects 17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor 17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example 17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor 17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example 17.4.4. Future Objects 17.4.5. Module Functions 17.4.6. Exception classes 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management 17.5.1. Using the subprocess Module 17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments 17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor 17.5.1.3. Exceptions 17.5.2. Security Considerations 17.5.3. Popen Objects 17.5.4. Windows Popen Helpers 17.5.4.1. Constants 17.5.5. Older high-level API 17.5.6. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module 17.5.6.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote 17.5.6.2. Replacing shell pipeline 17.5.6.3. Replacing os.system() 17.5.6.4. Replacing the os.spawn family 17.5.6.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3() 17.5.6.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module 17.5.7. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions 17.5.8. Notes 17.5.8.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows 17.6. sched — Event scheduler 17.6.1. Scheduler Objects 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class 17.7.1. Queue Objects 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface 18.1.1. Socket families 18.1.2. Module contents 18.1.2.1. Exceptions 18.1.2.2. Constants 18.1.2.3. Functions 18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets 18.1.2.3.2. Other functions 18.1.3. Socket Objects 18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts 18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the connect method 18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the accept method 18.1.5. Example 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects 18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions 18.2.1.1. Socket creation 18.2.1.2. Context creation 18.2.1.3. Random generation 18.2.1.4. Certificate handling 18.2.1.5. Constants 18.2.2. SSL Sockets 18.2.3. SSL Contexts 18.2.4. Certificates 18.2.4.1. Certificate chains 18.2.4.2. CA certificates 18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate 18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates 18.2.5. Examples 18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support 18.2.5.2. Client-side operation 18.2.5.3. Server-side operation 18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets 18.2.7. Memory BIO Support 18.2.8. SSL session 18.2.9. Security considerations 18.2.9.1. Best defaults 18.2.9.2. Manual settings 18.2.9.2.1. Verifying certificates 18.2.9.2.2. Protocol versions 18.2.9.2.3. Cipher selection 18.2.9.3. Multi-processing 18.2.10. LibreSSL support 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion 18.3.1. /dev/poll Polling Objects 18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects 18.3.3. Polling Objects 18.3.4. Kqueue Objects 18.3.5. Kevent Objects 18.4. selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing 18.4.1. Introduction 18.4.2. Classes 18.4.3. Examples 18.5. asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks 18.5.1. Base Event Loop 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop 18.5.1.2. Calls 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls 18.5.1.4. Futures 18.5.1.5. Tasks 18.5.1.6. Creating connections 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals 18.5.1.13. Executor 18.5.1.14. Error Handling API 18.5.1.15. Debug mode 18.5.1.16. Server 18.5.1.17. Handle 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples 18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon() 18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later() 18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events 18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM 18.5.2. Event loops 18.5.2.1. Event loop functions 18.5.2.2. Available event loops 18.5.2.3. Platform support 18.5.2.3.1. Windows 18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X 18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy 18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface 18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy 18.5.2.7. Customizing the event loop policy 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines 18.5.3.1. Coroutines 18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine 18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date 18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines 18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError 18.5.3.3. TimeoutError 18.5.3.4. Future 18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete() 18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever() 18.5.3.5. Task 18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks 18.5.3.6. Task functions 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API) 18.5.4.1. Transports 18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport 18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport 18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport 18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport 18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport 18.5.4.2. Protocols 18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes 18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks 18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols 18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols 18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks 18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols 18.5.4.3. Protocol examples 18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API) 18.5.5.1. Stream functions 18.5.5.2. StreamReader 18.5.5.3. StreamWriter 18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol 18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError 18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError 18.5.5.7. Stream examples 18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams 18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams 18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers 18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams 18.5.6. Subprocess 18.5.6.1. Windows event loop 18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process 18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using subprocess.Popen 18.5.6.4. Constants 18.5.6.5. Process 18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads 18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples 18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol 18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives 18.5.7.1. Locks 18.5.7.1.1. Lock 18.5.7.1.2. Event 18.5.7.1.3. Condition 18.5.7.2. Semaphores 18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore 18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore 18.5.8. Queues 18.5.8.1. Queue 18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue 18.5.8.3. LifoQueue 18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio 18.5.9.2. Cancellation 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly 18.5.9.5. Logging 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler 18.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client 18.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler 18.7.1. asynchat Example 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events 18.8.1. General rules 18.8.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers 18.8.1.2. Signals and threads 18.8.2. Module contents 18.8.3. Example 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support 19. Internet Data Handling 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package 19.1.1. email.message: Representing an email message 19.1.2. email.parser: Parsing email messages 19.1.2.1. FeedParser API 19.1.2.2. Parser API 19.1.2.3. Additional notes 19.1.3. email.generator: Generating MIME documents 19.1.4. email.policy: Policy Objects 19.1.5. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes 19.1.6. email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects 19.1.7. email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content 19.1.7.1. Content Manager Instances 19.1.8. email: Examples 19.1.9. email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API 19.1.10. email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch 19.1.11. email.header: Internationalized headers 19.1.12. email.charset: Representing character sets 19.1.13. email.encoders: Encoders 19.1.14. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities 19.1.15. email.iterators: Iterators 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder 19.2.1. Basic Usage 19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders 19.2.3. Exceptions 19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability 19.2.4.1. Character Encodings 19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values 19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object 19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values 19.2.4.5. Implementation Limitations 19.2.5. Command Line Interface 19.2.5.1. Command line options 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats 19.4.1. Mailbox objects 19.4.1.1. Maildir 19.4.1.2. mbox 19.4.1.3. MH 19.4.1.4. Babyl 19.4.1.5. MMDF 19.4.2. Message objects 19.4.2.1. MaildirMessage 19.4.2.2. mboxMessage 19.4.2.3. MHMessage 19.4.2.4. BabylMessage 19.4.2.5. MMDFMessage 19.4.3. Exceptions 19.4.4. Examples 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types 19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files 19.7.1. Notes 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser 20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application 20.2.2. HTMLParser Methods 20.2.3. Examples 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities 20.4. XML Processing Modules 20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities 20.4.2. The defusedxml and defusedexpat Packages 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API 20.5.1. Tutorial 20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements 20.5.1.2. Parsing XML 20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing 20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements 20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File 20.5.1.6. Building XML documents 20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces 20.5.1.8. Additional resources 20.5.2. XPath support 20.5.2.1. Example 20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax 20.5.3. Reference 20.5.3.1. Functions 20.5.3.2. Element Objects 20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects 20.5.3.4. QName Objects 20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects 20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects 20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects 20.5.3.8. Exceptions 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API 20.6.1. Module Contents 20.6.2. Objects in the DOM 20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects 20.6.2.2. Node Objects 20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects 20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects 20.6.2.5. Document Objects 20.6.2.6. Element Objects 20.6.2.7. Attr Objects 20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects 20.6.2.9. Comment Objects 20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects 20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects 20.6.2.12. Exceptions 20.6.3. Conformance 20.6.3.1. Type Mapping 20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation 20.7.1. DOM Objects 20.7.2. DOM Example 20.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees 20.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers 20.9.1. SAXException Objects 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers 20.10.1. ContentHandler Objects 20.10.2. DTDHandler Objects 20.10.3. EntityResolver Objects 20.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers 20.12.1. XMLReader Objects 20.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects 20.12.3. Locator Objects 20.12.4. InputSource Objects 20.12.5. The Attributes Interface 20.12.6. The AttributesNS Interface 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat 20.13.1. XMLParser Objects 20.13.2. ExpatError Exceptions 20.13.3. Example 20.13.4. Content Model Descriptions 20.13.5. Expat error constants 21. Internet Protocols and Support 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller 21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support 21.2.1. Introduction 21.2.2. Using the cgi module 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface 21.2.4. Functions 21.2.5. Caring about security 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation 21.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes 21.4.6. Examples 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 21.6.1. Request Objects 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects 21.6.23. Examples 21.6.24. Legacy interface 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 21.8.1. URL Parsing 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results 21.8.4. URL Quoting 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt 21.11. http — HTTP modules 21.11.1. HTTP status codes 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects 21.12.3. Examples 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client 21.13.1. FTP Objects 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client 21.14.1. POP3 Objects 21.14.2. POP3 Example 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client 21.16.1. NNTP Objects 21.16.1.1. Attributes 21.16.1.2. Methods 21.16.2. Utility functions 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client 21.17.1. SMTP Objects 21.17.2. SMTP Example 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client 21.19.1. Telnet Objects 21.19.2. Telnet Example 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 21.20.1. Example 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes 21.21.2. Server Objects 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects 21.21.4. Examples 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management 21.23.1. Cookie Objects 21.23.2. Morsel Objects 21.23.3. Example 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects 21.24.5. Cookie Objec
EasyARM-iMX283-Linux开发指南
为I2C-tools的源码包，可以移植到开发板上！-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Overview 1 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 1 1.1.1 First Generation 1 1.1.2 Second Generation 2 1.1.3 Generation 2.5 5 1.2 Overview of 3G 8 1.3 Proposals for 3G Standard 10 1.3.1 WCDMA 10 1.3.2 Advanced TDMA 11 1.3.3 Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 12 1.3.4 OFDM 12 1.3.5 IMT-2000 13 1.4 3GPP 14 1.4.1 TDD 15 1.4.2 TD-SCDMA 18 1.5 3GPP2 20 1.6 3G Evolution Paths 23 References 24 2 Principles of CDMA 25 2.1 Radio-Channel Access Schemes 25 2.2 Spread Spectrum 28 2.3 RAKE Receiver 32 2.4 Power Control 32 2.5 Handovers 37 2.5.1 Soft Handover 38 2.5.2 Relocation 41 2.5.3 Hard Handover 44 2.5.4 Intersystem Handovers 45 2.6 Multiuser Detection 47 References 48 v 3 WCDMA Air Interface: Physical Layer 49 3.1 General 49 3.1.1 Forward Error Correction Encoding/Decoding 52 3.1.2 Radio Measurements and Indications to Higher Layers 53 3.1.3 Macrodiversity Distribution/Combining and Soft Handover Execution 55 3.1.4 Error Detection on Transport Channels 56 3.1.5 Multiplexing of Transport Channels and Demultiplexing of CCTrCHs 57 3.1.6 Rate Matching 57 3.1.7 Mapping of CCTrCHs on Physical Channels 57 3.1.8 Modulation, Spreading/Demodulation, and Despreading of Physical Channels 58 3.1.9 Frequency and Time Synchronization 60 3.1.10 Inner-Loop Power Control 61 3.1.11 Power Weighting and Combining of Physical Channels 64 3.1.12 RF Processing 66 3.1.13 Timing Advance on Uplink Channels 69 3.1.14 Support of Uplink Synchronization 70 3.2 Channels 70 3.2.1 Logical Channels 71 3.2.2 Transport Channels 72 3.2.3 Physical Channels 74 3.2.4 Shared Channels 78 3.2.5 Channel Mapping 80 3.3 Spreading and Scrambling Codes 81 3.4 Diversity 83 3.4.1 Time Diversity 83 3.4.2 Multipath Diversity 84 3.4.3 Macrodiversity 85 3.4.4 Antenna Diversity 87 3.5 Transport Formats 92 3.6 Data Through Layer 1 97 References 99 4 Modulation Techniques and Spread Spectrum 101 4.1 Spreading Techniques 101 4.1.1 DS-CDMA 101 4.1.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 101 4.1.3 Time-Hopping CDMA 102 4.1.4 Multicarrier CDMA 102 4.2 Data Modulation 104 References 109 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s vi CONTENTS 5 Spreading Codes 111 5.1 Orthogonal Codes 112 5.2 PN Codes 114 5.3 Synchronization Codes 117 5.4 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation 118 5.5 Intercell Interference 119 References 119 6 Channel Coding 121 6.1 Coding Processes 121 6.2 Coding Theory 122 6.3 Block Codes 123 6.4 Convolutional Codes 125 6.5 Turbo Codes 127 6.6 Channel Coding in UTRAN 129 References 129 7 Wideband CDMA Air Interface: Protocol Stack 131 47.1 General Points 131 7.2 Control Plane 133 7.3 MAC 135 7.3.1 MAC Services 137 7.3.2 MAC Functions 137 7.3.3 TFC Selection 142 7.4 RLC 143 7.4.1 RLC Services 145 7.4.2 RLC Functions 147 7.5 RRC 148 7.5.1 RRC Services 148 7.5.2 RRC Functions 148 7.6 RRC Protocol States 183 7.7 Location Management in UTRAN 187 7.8 Core Network Protocols in the Air Interface 190 7.8.1 Circuit-Switched Core Network 190 7.8.2 Packet-Switched Core Network 195 7.9 User Plane 196 7.10 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 196 7.11 Broadcast/Multicast Control 198 7.12 Data Protocols 200 7.13 Dual-System Protocol Stack in UE 201 References 202 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s CONTENTS vii 8 Network 203 8.1 General Discussion 203 8.2 Evolution from GSM 204 8.3 UMTS Network Structure 206 8.4 Core Network 208 8.4.1 Mobile Switching Center 208 8.4.2 Visitor Location Register 209 8.4.3 Home Location Register 210 8.4.4 Equipment Identity Register 211 8.4.5 Authentication Center 212 8.4.6 Gateway MSC 212 8.4.7 Serving GPRS Support Node 212 8.4.8 Gateway GPRS Support Node 213 8.5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 213 8.5.1 Radio Network Controller 214 8.5.2 Node B 215 8.6 GSM Radio Access Network 216 8.6.1 Base Station Controller 216 8.6.2 Base Transceiver Station 217 8.6.3 Small Base Transceiver Stations 218 8.7 Interfaces 221 8.7.1 A Interface 221 8.7.2 Gb Interface 222 8.7.3 Iu Interface 222 8.7.4 Iub Interface 226 8.7.5 Iur Interface 228 8.7.6 MAP Interfaces 230 8.8 Network Protocols 233 8.8.1 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 235 8.8.2 AAL2 and AAL5 235 8.8.3 Iu User Plane Protocol Layer 235 8.8.4 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol-User 236 8.8.5 SS7 MTP3-User Adaptation Layer 237 8.8.6 MAP (MAP-A Through MAP-M) 237 8.8.7 Message Transfer Part 237 8.8.8 Node B Application Part 237 8.8.9 Physical Layer (Below ATM) 238 8.8.10 Q.2150.1 239 8.8.11 Q.2630.1 239 8.8.12 Radio Access Network Application Part 239 8.8.13 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 241 8.8.14 Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer 242 8.8.15 Service-Specific Coordination Function 242 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s 8.8.16 Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol 242 8.8.17 Signaling Connection Control Part 243 8.8.18 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 243 8.8.19 UDP/IP 243 8.9 UMTS Network Evolution—Release 5 243 References 247 9 Network Planning 251 9.1 Importance of Network Planning 251 9.2 Differences Between TDMA and CDMA 251 9.3 Network Planning Terminology 255 9.4 Network Planning Process 256 9.4.1 Preparation Phase 256 9.4.2 Network Dimensioning 258 9.4.3 Detailed Radio-Network Planning 262 9.5 Network Planning in WCDMA 262 9.5.1 Pilot Pollution 263 9.5.2 SHO Parameters 263 9.5.3 HO Problems 263 9.5.4 Hierarchical Cells 264 9.5.5 Microcell Deployment 266 9.5.6 Picocell Deployment and Indoor Planning 267 9.5.7 Sectorization and Adaptive Antennas 269 9.5.8 Other Network Elements 271 9.6 Admission Control 272 9.7 Congestion Control 276 References 277 10 Network Management 279 10.1 Telecommunication-Management Architecture 279 10.1.1 Fault Management 280 10.1.2 Configuration Management 281 10.1.3 Performance Management 283 10.1.4 Roaming Management 284 10.1.5 Accounting Management 285 10.1.6 Subscription Management 285 10.1.7 QoS Management 286 10.1.8 User Equipment Management 286 10.1.9 Fraud Management 286 10.1.10 Security Management 287 10.1.11 Software Management 288 10.2 Charging 289 10.2.1 Charging of Circuit-Switched Services 291 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s CONTENTS ix 10.2.2 Charging of Packet-Switched Services 292 10.3 Billing 293 10.4 Service Providers Versus Operators 298 References 300 11 Procedures 303 11.1 RRC Connection Procedures 303 11.1.1 RRC Connection Establishment 304 11.1.2 Signaling Connection Establishment 304 11.1.3 RRC Connection Release 304 11.2 Radio Bearer Procedures 306 11.2.1 Radio Bearer Establishment 306 11.2.2 Radio Bearer Release 313 11.2.3 Radio Bearer Reconfiguration 315 11.2.4 Transport Channel Reconfiguration 315 11.2.5 Physical Channel Reconfiguration 317 11.2.6 Control of Requested QoS 319 11.3 Data Transmission 323 11.4 Handovers 329 11.4.1 Soft Handover 329 11.4.2 Hard Handover 330 11.4.3 Intersystem Handovers 332 11.5 Random Access Procedure 340 References 342 12 New Concepts in the UMTS Network 343 12.1 Location Services 343 12.1.1 Cell-Coverage-Based Method 345 12.1.2 Observed Time Difference of Arrival 346 12.1.3 Network-Assisted Global Positioning System 349 12.1.4 Other Methods 351 12.1.5 Comparison of Location Methods 352 12.1.6 Service Categories 354 12.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 355 12.3 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 358 12.3.1 Broadcast Service 360 12.3.2 Multicast Service 360 12.4 Multimedia Messaging Service 361 12.4.1 The Service 361 12.4.2 MMS Elements 363 12.4.3 MMS Protocols 366 12.5 Supercharger 367 12.6 Prepaging 370 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s x CONTENTS TEAMFLY Team-Fly® 12.7 Gateway Location Register 374 12.8 Optimal Routing 378 12.9 Adaptive Multirate Codec 381 12.10 Support of Localized Service Area 384 12.11 Smart Antennas 386 References 392 13 3G Services 395 13.1 Service Categories 395 13.2 Teleservices 395 13.3 Bearer Services 397 13.4 Supplementary Services 399 13.5 Service Capabilities 399 13.6 QoS Classes 402 13.6.1 Conversational Real-Time Services 402 13.6.2 Interactive Services 403 13.6.3 Streaming Services 404 13.6.4 Background Services 405 13.6.5 QoS Service Classes and 3G Radio Interface 405 References 406 14 3G Applications 407 14.1 Justification for 3G 407 14.2 Path into the Market 409 14.3 Applications As Competition Tools 410 14.4 Application Technologies 411 14.4.1 Wireless Application Protocol 412 14.4.2 Java 412 14.4.3 BREW 412 14.4.4 Bluetooth 413 14.4.5 I-mode 413 14.4.6 Electronic Payment 413 14.4.7 IPv6 416 14.5 Multimedia 419 14.5.1 Application Types 419 14.5.2 Technical Problems 419 14.6 Traffic Characteristics of 3G Applications 422 14.7 M-commerce 424 14.8 Examples of 3G Applications 427 14.8.1 Voice 427 14.8.2 Messaging 428 14.8.3 Internet Access 429 14.8.4 Location-Based Applications 430 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s CONTENTS xi 14.8.5 Games 431 14.8.6 Advertising 432 14.8.7 Betting and Gambling 432 14.8.8 Dating Applications 433 14.8.9 Adult Entertainment 433 14.9 Terminals 434 14.9.1 Voice Terminals 435 14.9.2 Multimedia Terminals 436 14.9.3 Navigation Devices 436 14.9.4 Game Devices 437 14.9.5 Machine-to-Machine Devices 437 References 438 15 The Future 441 15.1 New Spectrum 441 15.2 Satellites 443 15.2.1 The Market for MSS Networks 443 15.2.2 Satellite Orbits 445 15.2.3 Examples of MSS Systems 447 15.2.4 Location in Satellite Systems 454 15.2.5 Restricted Coverage 456 15.2.6 Diversity 457 15.2.7 Satellite Paging 458 15.2.8 IMT-2000 Satellite Component 459 15.3 3G Upgrades 459 15.4 Downlink Bottleneck 461 15.4.1 TDD 461 15.4.2 HSDPA 462 15.4.3 WLAN Interworking 463 15.4.4 Variable Duplex Distance 466 15.4.5 Hierarchical Cell Structures 468 15.4.6 Comparing the Schemes 468 15.5 4G Vision 472 References 476 16 Specifications 479 16.1 Specification Process 480 16.2 Releases 482 16.3 3GPP Specifications 484 16.3.1 Series Numbering 484 16.3.2 Version Numbering 485 16.3.3 Backwards Compatibility 486 Reference 486 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s xii CONTENTS Appendix A: Cellular User Statistics 487 Appendix B: 3GPP Specifications 491 Appendix C: Useful Web Addresses 509 Appendix D: Nokia Communicator 513 Appendix E: Standardization Organizations and Industry Groups 515 About the Author 523 Index 525 I
i2c-tools-3.1.1.tar.bz2 ,简单的i2c探测测试工具包。并附带使用说明文档。
(J2ME入门一)Eclipse配置J2ME开发环境归纳.pdf
myeclipse下hibernate入门实例介绍
myeclipse下hibernate入门，很不错的hibernate学习材料
这是一个关于openmeetings，windows系统安装的文档
(J2ME入门一)Eclipse配置J2ME开发环境，详解有图。
i2c-tools-3.1.1.tar.gz 源码，编译后生成几个常用的工具，可以测试i2c挂载设备，读写外挂设备寄存器的值。非常好用。
jdk+maven+sonarqube环境搭建
